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      Differences in COVID-19 Preventive Behavior and Food Insecurity by HIV Status in Nigeria

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      AIDS and Behavior
      Springer US
      COVID-19, Food security, HIV, Pandemic, Health behavior

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          Abstract

          The aim of the study was to assess if there were significant differences in the adoption of COVID-19 risk preventive behaviors and experience of food insecurity by people living with and without HIV in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study that recruited a convenience sample of 4471 (20.5% HIV positive) adults in Nigeria. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to test the associations between the explanatory variable (HIV positive and non-positive status) and the outcome variables—COVID-19 related behavior changes (physical distancing, isolation/quarantine, working remotely) and food insecurity (hungry but did not eat, cut the size of meals/skip meals) controlling for age, sex at birth, COVID-19 status, and medical status of respondents. Significantly fewer people living with HIV (PLWH) reported a positive COVID-19 test result; and had lower odds of practicing COVID-19 risk preventive behaviors. In comparison with those living without HIV, PLWH had higher odds of cutting meal sizes as a food security measure (AOR: 3.18; 95% CI 2.60–3.88) and lower odds of being hungry and not eating (AOR: 0.24; 95% CI 0.20–0.30). In conclusion, associations between HIV status, COVID-19 preventive behaviors and food security are highly complex and warrant further in-depth to unravel the incongruities identified.

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          Most cited references58

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          Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

          Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p<0·0001), and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL (18·42, 2·64–128·55; p=0·0033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 20·0 days (IQR 17·0–24·0) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days. Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.
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            Food Insecurity And Health Outcomes.

            Almost fifty million people are food insecure in the United States, which makes food insecurity one of the nation's leading health and nutrition issues. We examine recent research evidence of the health consequences of food insecurity for children, nonsenior adults, and seniors in the United States. For context, we first provide an overview of how food insecurity is measured in the country, followed by a presentation of recent trends in the prevalence of food insecurity. Then we present a survey of selected recent research that examined the association between food insecurity and health outcomes. We show that the literature has consistently found food insecurity to be negatively associated with health. For example, after confounding risk factors were controlled for, studies found that food-insecure children are at least twice as likely to report being in fair or poor health and at least 1.4 times more likely to have asthma, compared to food-secure children; and food-insecure seniors have limitations in activities of daily living comparable to those of food-secure seniors fourteen years older. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) substantially reduces the prevalence of food insecurity and thus is critical to reducing negative health outcomes.
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              The Stress Process

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                toyinukpong@yahoo.co.uk
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                13 August 2021
                : 1-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
                [2 ]GRID grid.10824.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 9444, Department of Child Dental Health, , Obafemi Awolowo University, ; Ile-Ife, Nigeria
                [3 ]GRID grid.10824.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 9444, Department of Mental Health, , Obafemi Awolowo University, ; Ile-Ife, Nigeria
                [4 ]GRID grid.43582.38, ISNI 0000 0000 9852 649X, Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, Center for Healthy Communities, , UCR School of Medicine, ; Riverside, CA USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.7155.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2260 6941, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, , Alexandria University, ; Alexandria, Egypt
                [6 ]GRID grid.10757.34, ISNI 0000 0001 2108 8257, Department of Community Medicine, , University of Nigeria Nsukka (Enugu Campus), ; Nsukka, Nigeria
                [7 ]GRID grid.416197.c, ISNI 0000 0001 0247 1197, Department of Clinical Sciences, , Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, ; Lagos, Nigeria
                [8 ]School of Medicine, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
                [9 ]GRID grid.412997.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2294 5433, Department of Psychology, , Government College for Women, ; Moulana Azad Road, Srinagar, Kashmir (J&K) 190001 India
                [10 ]GRID grid.449729.5, ISNI 0000 0004 7707 5975, Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, , University of Health and Allied Sciences, ; Ho, Ghana
                [11 ]GRID grid.10824.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 9444, Department of Radiology, , Obafemi Awolowo University, ; Ile-Ife, Nigeria
                [12 ]GRID grid.442543.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 6357, Department of Psychology, , Lead City University, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
                [13 ]GRID grid.411975.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0607 035X, Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, , Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ; Dammam, Saudi Arabia
                [14 ]GRID grid.411975.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0607 035X, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, , Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ; Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
                [15 ]GRID grid.16463.36, ISNI 0000 0001 0723 4123, Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, , University of KwaZulu-Natal, ; Durban, South Africa
                [16 ]GRID grid.5012.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0481 6099, Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, , Maastricht University, ; Maastricht, The Netherlands
                [17 ]GRID grid.11173.35, ISNI 0000 0001 0670 519X, School of Biological Sciences, , University of the Punjab, ; Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590 Pakistan
                [18 ]GRID grid.11173.35, ISNI 0000 0001 0670 519X, School of Biological Sciences, , University of the Punjab, ; Lahore, 54590 Pakistan
                [19 ]GRID grid.9582.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 5983, Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, College of Medicine, , University of Ibadan, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
                [20 ]GRID grid.15756.30, ISNI 000000011091500X, School of Health and Life Sciences, , University of the West of Scotland, ; London, UK
                [21 ]GRID grid.9008.1, ISNI 0000 0001 1016 9625, Department of Economic and Human Geography, , University of Szeged, ; Szeged, 6722 Hungary
                [22 ]GRID grid.9582.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 5983, Department of Child Oral Health, , University of Ibadan, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
                [23 ]GRID grid.411831.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0398 1027, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, , Jazan University, ; Jizan, Saudi Arabia
                [24 ]GRID grid.4868.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2171 1133, Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Barts and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, , Queen Mary University of London, ; Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
                [25 ]GRID grid.7155.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2260 6941, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, , Alexandria University, ; Alexandria, Egypt
                [26 ]GRID grid.412892.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1754 9358, Maternity & Childhood Department, College of Nursing, , Taibah University, ; Madinah, 42356 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
                [27 ]GRID grid.444917.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 316X, Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, College of Dentistry, , University of Science & Technology, ; Sanaa, Yemen
                [28 ]GRID grid.7122.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1088 8582, Department of Family and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, , University of Debrecen, ; Debrecen, Hungary
                [29 ]GRID grid.11173.35, ISNI 0000 0001 0670 519X, Institute of Zoology, , University of the Punjab, ; Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590 Pakistan
                [30 ]Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
                [31 ]World Health Organisation, AFRO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                [32 ]GRID grid.42505.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2156 6853, Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, , University of Southern California, ; Los Angeles, CA USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9008-7730
                Article
                3433
                10.1007/s10461-021-03433-3
                8360820
                34387776
                f28932ca-310d-442d-aca7-019a8a0f9fad
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 7 August 2021
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                covid-19,food security,hiv,pandemic,health behavior
                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                covid-19, food security, hiv, pandemic, health behavior

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