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      Comments on the Pteranodontidae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) with the description of two new species

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          Abstract

          Considered one of the best known flying reptiles, Pteranodon has been subject to several reviews in the last century. Found exclusively in the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation and Pierre Shale Group 11 species have been attributed to this genus (excluding the ones presently regarded as representing Nyctosaurus). While reviewers agree that this number is inflated, there is disagreement on how many species can be identified. The last review recognized only two species (Pteranodon longiceps and Pteranodon sternbergi) both being sexually dimorphic. Based on several cranial features, some specimens previously referred to the genus Pteranodon are re-evaluated leading to the recognition of the following species, two of which new that are described here: Pteranodon longiceps, Geosternbergia sternbergi, Geosternbergia maiseyi sp. nov., and Dawndraco kanzai gen. et sp. nov. They differ mainly by features such as the direction and extension of the frontal crest, the angle and extension of the posterior process of the premaxillae, the shape and extension of the lower temporal fenestra and the length and proportion of the rostrum. The procedures to recognize a pterosaur species are also discussed here, and must take into account primarily morphology, in conjunction with stratigraphic and geographic data. Although well aware that changes in morphology not always reflect taxonomy, the lack of stratigraphic data and the limited number of specimens that can be confidently assigned to one species hampers our understanding on the morphological variations as a function of ontogeny, individual variation and sexual dimorphism. Although the present study has not eliminated the possibility to recognize such differences, caution is needed before models are generalized for pterosaurs.

          Translated abstract

          Considerado um dos répteis voadores melhor conhecidos, Pteranodon foi objeto de várias revisões no século passado. Encontrado exclusivamente na Formação Niobrara e no Grupo Pierre Shale (ambas do Cretáceo Superior) 11 espécies foram atribuídas a este gênero (além das três presentemente classificadas em Nyctosaurus). Apesar da concordância entre os revisores que este número está inflado, existe discordância de quantas espécies podem ser reconhecidas. A última revisão limitou a existência de apenas duas espécies (Pteranodon longiceps and Pteranodon sternbergi), ambas exibindo dimorfismo sexual. Tomando como base diversas características observadas no crânio, alguns exemplares anteriormente referidos ao gênero Pteranodon foram re-avaliados e levaram à conclusão da existência das seguintes espécies, duas novas e descritas aqui: Pteranodon longiceps, Geosternbergia sternbergi, Geosternbergia maiseyi sp. nov. e Dawndraco kanzai gen. et sp. nov. Estas se diferenciam por feições tais como a extensão e direção da crista formada pelo frontal, da inclinação e extensão do processo posterior das pré-maxilas, da forma e tamanho da fenestra temporal inferior e da proporção do rostro. Também é discutido nesse trabalho o procedimento de como se reconhece uma espécie de pterossauro, que deve levar em conta principalmente dados morfológicos, acompanhados de informações estratigráficas e geográficas. Existe a consciência geral de que a morfologia pode variar sem que necessariamente estas mudanças estejam ligadas a questões taxonômicas. No entanto, a ausência de dados estratigráficos detalhados, aliada ao número limitado de exemplares que possam ser consideradas com um bom nível de segurança como pertencentes a uma determinada espécie, dificulta sobremaneira o nosso entendimento de como a morfologia pode variar em função de ontogenia, variações individuais e dimorfismo sexual. Apesar do presente estudo não eliminar a possibilidade de reconhecer estas variações, cuidado deve ser empregado antes que modelos sejam generalizados para os pterossauros.

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          Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering

          Bones of recent mammals in the Amboseli Basin, southern Kenya, exhibit distinctive weathering characteristics that can be related to the time since death and to the local conditions of temperature, humidity and soil chemistry. A categorization of weathering characteristics into six stages, recognizable on descriptive criteria, provides a basis for investigation of weathering rates and processes. The time necessary to achieve each successive weathering stage has been calibrated using known-age carcasses. Most bones decompose beyond recognition in 10 to 15 yr. Bones of animals under 100 kg and juveniles appear to weather more rapidly than bones of large animals or adults. Small-scale rather than widespread environmental factors seem to have greatest influence on weathering characteristics and rates. Bone weathering is potentially valuable as evidence for the period of time represented in recent or fossil bone assemblages, including those on archeological sites, and may also be an important tool in censusing populations of animals in modern ecosystems.
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            The ontogeny of Pteranodon and other pterosaurs

            S. Bennett (1993)
            Immature specimens of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon were identified using three size-independent criteria: (1) fusion of various cranial and postcranial elements; (2) degree of epiphyseal ossification; and (3) bone grain or degree of ossification of limb-bone shafts. Immature individuals make up 15% of available specimens of Pteranodon and do not differ significantly in size from mature individuals. This and the extensive fusion of the mature skeleton suggest that Pteranodon had determinate growth. The bone of limb-bone shafts of immature individuals is fibro-lamellar bone, which suggests that they grew rapidly to adult size. The size-independent criteria can also be used to identify immature and mature individuals of other pterosaur taxa, and other large pterodactyloids also probably exhibited rapid determinate growth.
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              Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China.

              New specimens and an analysis of the Jehol pterosaur faunae of northeastern China show an unexpected diversity of flying reptile groups in terrestrial Cretaceous ecosystems. Here we report two new pterosaurs that are referred to European groups previously unknown in deposits of northeastern China. Feilongus youngi, from the Yixian Formation, is closely related to the Gallodactylidae and is distinguished by the presence of two independent sagittal crests and a protruding upper jaw. Nurhachius ignaciobritoi, from the Jiufotang Formation, has teeth formed by labiolingually compressed triangular crowns, only previously reported in Istiodactylus latidens from England. With these new discoveries, the Jehol pterosaurs show a wide range of groups including both primitive and derived forms that are not matched by any other deposit in the world. The discoveries also document the turnover of pterosaur faunae, with the primitive Anurognathidae and early archaeopterodactyloids being replaced by derived pterodactyloids. Furthermore, these deposits offer an opportunity to examine the interaction and competition between birds and pterosaurs--it indicates that the avian fauna during the Lower Cretaceous (and possibly most of the Mesozoic) dominated terrestrial, inland regions, whereas pterosaurs were more abundant in coastal areas.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aabc
                Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
                An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.
                Academia Brasileira de Ciências (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0001-3765
                1678-2690
                December 2010
                : 82
                : 4
                : 1063-1084
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameUFRJ orgdiv1Museu Nacional orgdiv2Setor de Paleovertebrados Brasil
                Article
                S0001-37652010000400025 S0001-3765(10)08200425
                10.1590/S0001-37652010000400025
                21152777
                f25a527b-d00b-4e9a-ad1a-afb13bc172e9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 September 2010
                : 25 October 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 76, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Earth Sciences

                Taxonomy,Pterosauria,Pteranodon,Dawndraco,Cretáceo Superior,Taxonomia,Late Cretaceous

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