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      Impact of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Accumulation on Oyster Health

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          Abstract

          In the past decade, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill triggered a spike in investigatory effort on the effects of crude oil chemicals, most notably polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), on marine organisms and ecosystems. Oysters, susceptible to both waterborne and sediment-bound contaminants due to their filter-feeding and sessile nature, have become of great interest among scientists as both a bioindicator and model organism for research on environmental stressors. It has been shown in many parts of the world that PAHs readily bioaccumulate in the soft tissues of oysters. Subsequent experiments have highlighted the negative effects associated with exposure to PAHs including the upregulation of antioxidant and detoxifying gene transcripts and enzyme activities such as Superoxide dismutase, Cytochrome P450 enzymes, and Glutathione S-transferase, reduction in DNA integrity, increased infection prevalence, and reduced and abnormal larval growth. Much of these effects could be attributed to either oxidative damage, or a reallocation of energy away from critical biological processes such as reproduction and calcification toward health maintenance. Additional abiotic stressors including increased temperature, reduced salinity, and reduced pH may change how the oyster responds to environmental contaminants and may compound the negative effects of PAH exposure. The negative effects of acidification and longer-term salinity changes appear to add onto that of PAH toxicity, while shorter-term salinity changes may induce mechanisms that reduce PAH exposure. Elevated temperatures, on the other hand, cause such large physiological effects on their own that additional PAH exposure either fails to cause any significant effects or that the effects have little discernable pattern. In this review, the oyster is recognized as a model organism for the study of negative anthropogenic impacts on the environment, and the effects of various environmental stressors on the oyster model are compared, while synergistic effects of these stressors to PAH exposure are considered. Lastly, the understudied effects of PAH photo-toxicity on oysters reveals drastic increases to the toxicity of PAHs via photooxidation and the formation of quinones. The consequences of the interaction between local and global environmental stressors thus provide a glimpse into the differential response to anthropogenic impacts across regions of the world.

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          Most cited references157

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          Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways

          Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes. TLRs signal through the recruitment of specific adaptor molecules, leading to activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and IRFs, which dictate the outcome of innate immune responses. During the past decade, the precise mechanisms underlying TLR signaling have been clarified by various approaches involving genetic, biochemical, structural, cell biological, and bioinformatics studies. TLR signaling appears to be divergent and to play important roles in many aspects of the innate immune responses to given pathogens. In this review, we describe recent progress in our understanding of TLR signaling regulation and its contributions to host defense.
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            A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation

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              Lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death

              Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that mediate the intracellular degradation of macromolecules. They play an essential role in calcium regulation and have emerged as key signaling hubs in controlling the nutrient response. Maintaining lysosomal integrity and function is therefore crucial for cellular homeostasis. Different forms of stress can induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), resulting in the translocation to the cytoplasm of intralysosomal components, such as cathepsins, inducing lysosomal-dependent cell death (LDCD). Here, we review recent advances that have furthered our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of LMP and the methods used to detect it. We discuss several endolysosomal damage-response mechanisms that mediate the repair or elimination of compromised lysosomes and summarize the role of LMP and cathepsins in LDCD and other cell death pathways. Finally, with the emergence of lysosomes as promising therapeutic targets for several human diseases, we review a variety of therapeutic strategies that seek to either destabilize lysosomes or to maintain, enhance or restore lysosomal function.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Physiol
                Front Physiol
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-042X
                10 September 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 734463
                Affiliations
                Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University—Corpus Christi , Corpus Christi, TX, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Jianmin Zhao, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China

                Reviewed by: Linbao Zhang, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), China; Ming Cong, Yantai University, China; Yan Fang, Ludong University, China

                *Correspondence: Wei Xu, wei.xu@ 123456tamucc.edu

                This article was submitted to Aquatic Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                10.3389/fphys.2021.734463
                8461069
                f0fcde69-9499-436d-9b0f-bb5bf57c49bd
                Copyright © 2021 Gan, Martin and Xu.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 01 July 2021
                : 03 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 157, Pages: 19, Words: 5500
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Categories
                Physiology
                Review

                Anatomy & Physiology
                polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,oyster,bioaccumulation,environmental impact,host response

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