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      X-ray computed tomography for non-invasive dendrochronology reveals a concealed double panelling on a painting from Rubens’ studio

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          Abstract

          Dating the wood from historical art objects is a crucial step to ascertain their production time, and support or refute attribution to an artist or a workshop. Dendrochronology is commonly used for this purpose but requires access to the tree-ring pattern in the wood, which can be hindered by preparatory layers, polychromy, wax, or integrated frames. Here we implemented non-invasive dendrochronology based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) to examine a painting on panel attributed to Rubens’ studio and its presumed dating around 1636 CE. The CT images achieved a resolution of 37.3 micron and revealed a double panelling, which was concealed by oak strips covering all four edges. The back (visible) board is made of deciduous oak ( Quercus subg. Quercus), the most common type of wood used in 17th-century Netherlandish workshops, and was dated terminus post quem after 1557 CE. However, the front (original) board used for the painting has been identified through examination of the wood anatomy as a tropical wood, probably Swietenia sp., a species seldom used in Netherlandish paintings, and remains undated. Its very presence attests the global character of 17th-century trade, and demonstrates the use of exotic species in Flemish studios. The date of the oak board refutes previous results and suggests that this board was trimmed to meet the size of the tropical one, having been glued to it for conservation purposes or with deceiving intentions to pretend that the painting was made on an oak panel. These revelations have opened new lines of art historical inquiry and highlight the potential of X-ray CT as a powerful tool for non-invasive study of historical art objects to retrieve their full history.

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          Plasma Hsp90 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis and relation to lung and skin involvement: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study

          Our previous study demonstrated increased expression of Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We aimed to evaluate plasma Hsp90 in SSc and characterize its association with SSc-related features. Ninety-two SSc patients and 92 age-/sex-matched healthy controls were recruited for the cross-sectional analysis. The longitudinal analysis comprised 30 patients with SSc associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) routinely treated with cyclophosphamide. Hsp90 was increased in SSc compared to healthy controls. Hsp90 correlated positively with C-reactive protein and negatively with pulmonary function tests: forced vital capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). In patients with diffuse cutaneous (dc) SSc, Hsp90 positively correlated with the modified Rodnan skin score. In SSc-ILD patients treated with cyclophosphamide, no differences in Hsp90 were found between baseline and after 1, 6, or 12 months of therapy. However, baseline Hsp90 predicts the 12-month change in DLCO. This study shows that Hsp90 plasma levels are increased in SSc patients compared to age-/sex-matched healthy controls. Elevated Hsp90 in SSc is associated with increased inflammatory activity, worse lung functions, and in dcSSc, with the extent of skin involvement. Baseline plasma Hsp90 predicts the 12-month change in DLCO in SSc-ILD patients treated with cyclophosphamide.
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            ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data

            Background ImageJ is an image analysis program extensively used in the biological sciences and beyond. Due to its ease of use, recordable macro language, and extensible plug-in architecture, ImageJ enjoys contributions from non-programmers, amateur programmers, and professional developers alike. Enabling such a diversity of contributors has resulted in a large community that spans the biological and physical sciences. However, a rapidly growing user base, diverging plugin suites, and technical limitations have revealed a clear need for a concerted software engineering effort to support emerging imaging paradigms, to ensure the software’s ability to handle the requirements of modern science. Results We rewrote the entire ImageJ codebase, engineering a redesigned plugin mechanism intended to facilitate extensibility at every level, with the goal of creating a more powerful tool that continues to serve the existing community while addressing a wider range of scientific requirements. This next-generation ImageJ, called “ImageJ2” in places where the distinction matters, provides a host of new functionality. It separates concerns, fully decoupling the data model from the user interface. It emphasizes integration with external applications to maximize interoperability. Its robust new plugin framework allows everything from image formats, to scripting languages, to visualization to be extended by the community. The redesigned data model supports arbitrarily large, N-dimensional datasets, which are increasingly common in modern image acquisition. Despite the scope of these changes, backwards compatibility is maintained such that this new functionality can be seamlessly integrated with the classic ImageJ interface, allowing users and developers to migrate to these new methods at their own pace. Conclusions Scientific imaging benefits from open-source programs that advance new method development and deployment to a diverse audience. ImageJ has continuously evolved with this idea in mind; however, new and emerging scientific requirements have posed corresponding challenges for ImageJ’s development. The described improvements provide a framework engineered for flexibility, intended to support these requirements as well as accommodate future needs. Future efforts will focus on implementing new algorithms in this framework and expanding collaborations with other popular scientific software suites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1934-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Practical cone-beam algorithm

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                27 August 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 8
                : e0255792
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of History of Art, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [2 ] Department of Conservation and Science, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [3 ] DendroResearch, Wageningen, Netherlands
                [4 ] Computational Imaging Group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [5 ] Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
                Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests: The FleX-ray Laboratory at the CWI was established in collaboration between CWI, TESCAN-XRE NV, Nikhef, and Amsterdam Scientific Instruments (ASI). There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-0258
                Article
                PONE-D-21-12393
                10.1371/journal.pone.0255792
                8396786
                34449802
                f061cfc0-1bf1-4c77-874e-c9fd935ee3b4
                © 2021 Domínguez-Delmás et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 April 2021
                : 26 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003246, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek;
                Award ID: 016.Veni.195.502
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003246, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek;
                Award ID: 639.073.506
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003246, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek;
                Award ID: 628.007.033
                Award Recipient :
                This research was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) through the Wood for Goods project led by MD-D (016.Veni.195.502) and the Real-time 3D Tomography project (639.073.506) led by KJB, and by the Netherlands Institute for Conservation, Art and Science (NICAS) and NWO through the IMPACT4Art project (628.007.033) led by KJB and EH. The FleX-ray Laboratory at the CWI was established in collaboration between CWI, TESCAN-XRE NV, Nikhef, and Amsterdam Scientific Instruments (ASI). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Neuroimaging
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Neuroimaging
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Radiology and Imaging
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Paleoecology
                Dendrochronology
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Paleoecology
                Dendrochronology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Paleontology
                Paleobiology
                Paleoecology
                Dendrochronology
                Earth Sciences
                Paleontology
                Paleobiology
                Paleoecology
                Dendrochronology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Trees
                Oaks
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Wood
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Bone Imaging
                X-Ray Radiography
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Bone Imaging
                X-Ray Radiography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Radiology and Imaging
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Bone Imaging
                X-Ray Radiography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Diagnostic Radiology
                X-Ray Radiography
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Diagnostic Radiology
                X-Ray Radiography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Radiology and Imaging
                Diagnostic Radiology
                X-Ray Radiography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Trees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Dendrology
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Coating Materials
                Paints
                Custom metadata
                The CT data of each tile is available through Zenodo in three files containing 5 tiles each (Dataset1: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4334010; Dataset2: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4336495; Dataset3: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4338421). Furthermore, Dataset1 also contains the post-processed images where the tree-ring measurements were done. The coordinate files obtained from CooRecorder, together with the tree-ring data from each tile and the average curve representing the panel are also available at Zenodo ( http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4412232).

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