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      Sociodemographic and nutritional correlates of neurobehavioral development: a study of young children in a rural region of Ecuador Translated title: Factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales relacionados con el desarrollo neuroconductual: estudio en niños pequeños de una zona rural de Ecuador

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To identify and describe the sociodemographic and nutritional characteristics associated with neurobehavioral development among young children living in three communities in the northeastern Andean region of Cayambe-Tabacundo, Ecuador. METHODS: Women in the study communities who had a child 3 to 61 months of age completed a questionnaire about maternal and child health and sociodemographic characteristics. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was directly administered to 283 children by two trained interviewers. Growth measurements and a hemoglobin finger-prick blood test were obtained in 2003-2004. Prevalence of developmental delay was calculated, and associations between child development and maternal, child, and household characteristics were explored. RESULTS: High frequencies of developmental delay were observed. Children 3 to 23 months old displayed delay in gross motor skills (30.1%), and children 48 to 61 months old displayed delay in problem-solving skills (73.4%) and fine motor skills (28.1%). A high frequency of both anemia (60.4%) and stunting (53.4%) was observed for all age groups. Maternal educational level was positively associated with communication and problem-solving skills, and monthly household income was positively associated with communication, gross motor, and problem-solving skills. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a high prevalence of developmental delay and poor child health in this population. Child health status and the child's environment may contribute to developmental delay in this region of Ecuador, but sociodemographic factors affecting opportunities for stimulation may also play a role. Research is needed to identify what is causing high percentages of neurobehavioral developmental delay in this region of Ecuador.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVOS: Identificar y describir las características sociodemográficas y nutricionales asociadas con el desarrollo neuroconductual en niños pequeños de tres comunidades de la región nororiental andina de Cayambe-Tabacundo, Ecuador. MÉTODOS: Mujeres de las comunidades estudiadas con algún hijo de 3 a 61 meses de edad llenaron un cuestionario sobre sus características, las características de salud de su hijo y las características sociodemográficas. Dos entrevistadores entrenados aplicaron el Cuestionario sobre Edades y Etapas (Ages and Stages Questionnaire, ASQ) directamente a 283 niños. Se midió el crecimiento y se realizó una prueba de hemoglobina mediante punción digital en el período 2003-2004. Se calculó la prevalencia del retraso en el desarrollo y se exploraron las asociaciones entre el desarrollo del niño y las características de la madre, del niño y del hogar. RESULTADOS: Se observaron elevadas frecuencias de retraso en el desarrollo. Los niños de 3 a 23 meses de edad presentaron retraso en las habilidades motrices básicas (30,1%) y los niños de 48 a 61 meses de edad presentaron retraso en las habilidades para solucionar problemas (73,4%) y en las habilidades motrices finas (28,1%). Se encontró una elevada frecuencia de anemia (60,4%) y de retraso en el crecimiento (53,4%) en todos los grupos de edad. Se observó una asociación directa entre el nivel educacional de la madre y las habilidades de comunicación y de solución de problemas de sus hijos, así como entre los ingresos mensuales del hogar y las habilidades de comunicación, las motrices básicas y de solución de problemas. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican que hay una elevada prevalencia de retraso en el desarrollo y una deficiente salud infantil en la población estudiada. El estado de salud del niño y su entorno pueden contribuir al retraso en el desarrollo en esta región de Ecuador, sin embargo, los factores socioedemográficos que afectan negativamente a las oportunidades de estimulación pueden desempañar un papel importante en ello. Se requieren investigaciones que identifiquen las causas del elevado porcentaje de retraso en el desarrollo neuroconductual en esta región de Ecuador.

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          The specificity of environmental influence: socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech.

          Erika Hoff (2015)
          The hypothesis was tested that children whose families differ in socioeconomic status (SES) differ in their rates of productive vocabulary development because they have different language-learning experiences. Naturalistic interaction between 33 high-SES and 30 mid-SES mothers and their 2-year-old children was recorded at 2 time points 10 weeks apart. Transcripts of these interactions provided the basis for estimating the growth in children's productive vocabularies between the first and second visits and properties of maternal speech at the first visit. The high-SES children grew more than the mid-SES children in the size of their productive vocabularies. Properties of maternal speech that differed as a function of SES fully accounted for this difference. Implications of these findings for mechanisms of environmental influence on child development are discussed.
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            Poorer behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infancy.

            To determine the long-term effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Longitudinal follow-up study of children who had been tested and treated for iron deficiency as infants. Periurban community near San Jose, Costa Rica. Of the original 191 participants, 87% were reevaluated at 11 to 14 years old (average age: 12.3 years). The children were free of iron deficiency and growing normally by US standards. Those who had chronic, severe iron deficiency in infancy (n = 48) were compared with those who had good iron status before and/or after iron therapy in infancy (n = 114). Comprehensive set of cognitive, socioemotional, and motor tests and measures of school functioning. Children who had severe, chronic iron deficiency in infancy scored lower on measures of mental and motor functioning. After control for background factors, differences remained statistically significant in arithmetic achievement and written expression, motor functioning, and some specific cognitive processes (spatial memory, selective recall, and tachistoscopic threshold). More of the formerly iron-deficient children had repeated a grade and/or been referred for special services or tutoring. Their parents and teachers rated their behavior as more problematic in several areas, agreeing in increased concerns about anxiety/depression, social problems, and attention problems. Severe, chronic iron deficiency in infancy identifies children who continue at developmental and behavioral risk >10 years after iron treatment.
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              Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.

              The present study was designed to determine whether 4 measures of children's spontaneous speech and language differed according to the educational level of the children's mothers. Spontaneous language samples from 240 three-year-old children were analyzed to determine mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm), number of different words (NDW), total number of words (TNW), and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). A norm-referenced, knowledge-dependent measure of language comprehension, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), was also included for purposes of comparison with the spontaneous measures. Three levels of maternal education were compared: less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and college graduate. Trend analyses showed statistically significant linear trends across educational levels for MLUm, NDW, TNW, and PPVT-R; the trend for PCC was not significant. The relationship of maternal education and other sociodemographic variables to measures of children's language should be examined before using such measures to identify children with language disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                May 2007
                : 21
                : 5
                : 292-300
                Affiliations
                [02] Ann Arbor Michigan orgnameUniversity of Michigan orgdiv1Center for Human Growth and Development orgdiv2Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesDepartment of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases United States of America
                [01] Ann Arbor Michigan orgnameUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health orgdiv1Department of Epidemiology United States of America
                [03] Quito orgnameCentro de Estudios y Asesoría en Salud Ecuador
                Article
                S1020-49892007000400004 S1020-4989(07)02100504
                10.1590/s1020-49892007000400004
                17697482
                f04408ec-f709-405a-aa76-5c5a14fe8135

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 February 2006
                : 11 August 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 9
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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Articles

                Epidemiology,child development,population characteristics,socioeconomic factors,environment,developmental disabilities,Ecuador,Epidemiología,desarrollo infantil,características de la población,factores socioeconómicos,ambiente,discapacidades del desarrollo

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