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      Nasal carriage, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers in Adigrat and Wukro hospitals, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The aim of this study was to determine nasal carriage, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care-workers of Adigrat and Wukro hospitals Northern Ethiopia.

          Results

          The overall prevalence of S. aureus and methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA) in the present study were 12% (29/242) and 5.8% (14/242) respectively. The rate of MRSA among S. aureus was 48.3%(14/29). In this study, MRSA carriage was particularly higher among nurse professionals (7.8%) and surgical ward (17.1%). None of the MRSA isolates were sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. However, low resistance was found for chloramphenicol and clindamycin. Being diabetic and use of hands rub was statistically significant with MRSA colonization.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3353-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat.

          Hajo Grundmann, Marta Aires-de-Sousa, John Boyce … (2006)
          Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that colonises the skin and is present in the anterior nares in about 25-30% of healthy people. Dependent on its intrinsic virulence or the ability of the host to contain its opportunistic behaviour, S aureus can cause a range of diseases in man. The bacterium readily acquires resistance against all classes of antibiotics by one of two distinct mechanisms: mutation of an existing bacterial gene or horizontal transfer of a resistance gene from another bacterium. Several mobile genetic elements carrying exogenous antibiotic resistance genes might mediate resistance acquisition. Of all the resistance traits S aureus has acquired since the introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy in the 1930s, meticillin resistance is clinically the most important, since a single genetic element confers resistance to the most commonly prescribed class of antimicrobials--the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
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            Surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in hospitals in the WHO European region - an exploratory analysis of risk factors for a severe outcome in influenza-positive SARI cases

            Tamara J Meerhoff, Artan Simaku, Dritan Ulqinaku … (2015)
            Background The 2009 H1N1 pandemic highlighted the need to routinely monitor severe influenza, which lead to the establishment of sentinel hospital-based surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in several countries in Europe. The objective of this study is to describe characteristics of SARI patients and to explore risk factors for a severe outcome in influenza-positive SARI patients. Methods Data on hospitalised patients meeting a syndromic SARI case definition between 2009 and 2012 from nine countries in Eastern Europe (Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Romania, Russian Federation and Ukraine) were included in this study. An exploratory analysis was performed to assess the association between risk factors and a severe (ICU, fatal) outcome in influenza-positive SARI patients using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Nine countries reported a total of 13,275 SARI patients. The majority of SARI patients reported in these countries were young children. A total of 12,673 SARI cases (95%) were tested for influenza virus and 3377 (27%) were laboratory confirmed. The majority of tested SARI cases were from Georgia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine and the least were from Kyrgyzstan. The proportion positive varied by country, season and age group, with a tendency to a higher proportion positive in the 15+ yrs age group in six of the countries. ICU admission and fatal outcome were most often recorded for influenza-positive SARI cases aged >15 yrs. An exploratory analysis using pooled data from influenza-positive SARI cases in three countries showed that age > 15 yrs, having lung, heart, kidney or liver disease, and being pregnant were independently associated with a fatal outcome. Conclusions Countries in Eastern Europe have been able to collect data through routine monitoring of severe influenza and results on risk factors for a severe outcome in influenza-positive SARI cases have identified several risk groups. This is especially relevant in the light of an overall low vaccination uptake and antiviral use in Eastern Europe, since information on risk factors will help in targeting and prioritising vulnerable populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0722-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Replace hand washing with use of a waterless alcohol hand rub?

              A Widmer (2000)
              Hand hygiene is one of the basic components of any infection control program and is frequently considered synonymous with hand washing. However, health care workers frequently do not wash their hands, and compliance rarely exceeds 40%. Hand rubbing with a waterless, alcohol-based rub-in cleanser is commonly used in many European countries instead of hand washing. Scientific evidence and ease of use support employment of a hand rub for routine hand hygiene. It is microbiologically more effective in vitro and in vivo, it saves time, and preliminary data demonstrate better compliance than with hand washing. Therefore, a task force comprising experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and from professional societies is designing guidelines for the use of a hand rub in the United States. Today, most countries of Northern Europe recommend a hand rub for hand hygiene unless the hands are visibly soiled. Side effects are rare and are mainly related to dryness of the skin. This review evaluates the scientific and clinical evidence that support the use of alcohol-based hand rubs in health care facilities as a new option for hand hygiene.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Haftom Legese: legesehaftom2@gmail.com
                Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay: atseba_mu@yahoo.com
                Amlisha Kahsay: amlsha.kahsay@gmail.com
                Tadele Araya: tadele.br@gmail.com
                Gebre Adhanom: gebreadhanom6@gmail.com
                Saravanan Muthupandian: bioinfosaran@gmail.com
                Araya Gebreyesus: araya13e25@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Res Notes
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Res Notes
                Title: BMC Research Notes
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-0500
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 April 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 April 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 250
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, GRID grid.30820.39, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1783 9494, GRID grid.472243.4, Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Medicine and Health Science, , Adigrat University, ; Adigrat, Ethiopia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3353
                DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3353-2
                PMC ID: 5914064
                PubMed ID: 29685170
                SO-VID: ef9bd743-9b9f-4383-9644-53038e3e01ef
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 5 February 2018
                Date accepted : 11 April 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Research Note
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility test,health care workers,methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus,nasal carriage,staphylococcus aureus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility test, health care workers, methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus, nasal carriage, staphylococcus aureus

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