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      Dark Earths and manioc cultivation in Central Amazonia: a window on pre-Columbian agricultural systems? Translated title: Terras Pretas e o cultivo de mandioca na Amazônia Central: uma janela para os sistemas agrícolas pré-colombianos?

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          Abstract

          Many commentators highlight the fertility of Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADE), emphasizing their potential for sustainable agriculture. Some scholars believe that terra mulata (the less fertile, more extensive form of ADE) was created by means of agricultural practices used by large settled populations of pre-Columbian farmers. But what was it that these Amerindian farmers were growing? Until recently, scholarly consensus held that manioc does not perform well on ADE. New research on the middle Madeira River is showing, however, that this consensus was premature. In this region, the most common crop in ADE fields is bitter manioc. Farmers there have various landraces of manioc that they believe yield particularly well on ADE, and logically plant more of these varieties on ADE. Aspects of the behaviour and perception of manioc cultivation among 52 farmers at the community of Barro Alto were measured quantitatively on four terra firme soil types (Terra Preta, Terra Mulata, Oxisols and Ultisols). These farmers plant different configurations of landraces in different soils, according to their perception of the suitability of particular landraces and their characteristics to certain soil types and successional processes. This, in turn, shapes selective pressures on these varieties, as new genetic material incorporated from volunteer seedlings is more likely to contain traits present in the most prevalent landrace(s) in each soil type. Owing to localized population pressure at Barro Alto, manioc is under more intensive cultivation systems, with shorter cropping periods (5-10 months) and shorter fallow periods (1-2 years). The outcome of these processes is different co-evolutionary dynamics on ADE as opposed to non-anthropogenic soils. Further anthropological study of manioc swiddening in one of the richest agricultural environments in Amazonia can fill a gap in the literature, thus opening an additional window on the pre-Columbian period.

          Translated abstract

          Muitos comentaristas realçam a fertilidade da Terra Preta de Índio (TPI), enfatizando seu potencial para uma agricultura sustentável. Alguns estudiosos acreditam que Terra Mulata (uma forma menos fértil, porém mais comum de TPI) foi criada por meio de práticas agrícolas usadas por grandes populações sedentárias na época pré-colombiana. Mas o que estes agricultores ameríndios cultivavam? Até recentemente, o consenso acadêmico era de que mandioca não se adaptava bem em TPI. Novas pesquisas no Médio Rio Madeira estão demostrando, porém, que este consenso era prematuro. Nesta região, a colheita mais comum em roças de TPI é mandioca amarga. Os agricultores têm diversas variedades crioulas (raças primitivas) de mandioca, que eles acreditam render especialmente bem em TPI e, logicamente, plantam mais destas variedades em TPI. Aspectos do comportamento e da percepção do cultivo de mandioca entre 52 agricultores da comunidade de Barro Alto foram observados quantitativamente em quatro tipos de solo da terra firme (Terra Preta, Terra Mulata, Latossolos e Argissolos). Esses agricultores plantam diferentes configurações de raças primitivas em diferentes ecótonos, de acordo com a percepção deles sobre o comportamento de cada raça primitiva e suas características em cada tipo de solo e situação da sucessão ecológica. Estas práticas, por sua vez, influenciam as pressões seletivas nessas raças, pois é mais provável que o material genético novo incorporado de mudas espontâneas contenha características presentes nas raças prevalentes em cada tipo de solo. Devido à pressão da população em Barro Alto, a mandioca é cultivada em sistemas mais intensivos, com períodos mais curtos entre plantio e colheita (5-10 meses) e períodos menores de pousio (1-2 anos). A conseqüência desses processos é uma dinâmica co-evolutiva em TPI, diferentemente de solos não-antrópicos. Mais estudos antropológicos do cultivo de mandioca em um dos ambientes agrícolas mais ricos da Amazônia podem encher essa lacuna na literatura, abrindo uma janela adicional sobre o período pré-colombiano.

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          Sistema brasileiro de classificação do solo

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            Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century.

            Terra Preta soils of central Amazonia exhibit approximately three times more soil organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and 70 times more charcoal compared to adjacent infertile soils. The Terra Preta soils were generated by pre-Columbian native populations by chance or intentionally adding large amounts of charred residues (charcoal), organic wastes, excrements and bones. In this paper, it is argued that generating new Terra Preta sites ('Terra Preta nova') could be the basis for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century to produce food for billions of people, and could lead to attaining three Millennium Development Goals: (i) to combat desertification, (ii) to sequester atmospheric CO2 in the long term, and (iii) to maintain biodiversity hotspots such as tropical rainforests. Therefore, large-scale generation and utilization of Terra Preta soils would decrease the pressure on primary forests that are being extensively cleared for agricultural use with only limited fertility and sustainability and, hence, only providing a limited time for cropping. This would maintain biodiversity while mitigating both land degradation and climate change. However, it should not be overlooked that the infertility of most tropical soils (and associated low population density) is what could have prevented tropical forests undergoing large-scale clearance for agriculture. Increased fertility may increase the populations supported by shifting cultivation, thereby maintaining and increasing pressure on forests.
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              ANTHROSOLS AND HUMAN CARRYING CAPACITY IN AMAZONIA∗

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bgoeldi
                Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas
                Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Ciênc. hum.
                MCTI/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Belém )
                2178-2547
                August 2008
                : 3
                : 2
                : 175-194
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Sussex United Kingdom
                [2 ] Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Brazil
                Article
                S1981-81222008000200004
                10.1590/S1981-81222008000200004
                ef1e7b61-86f2-4edd-9240-160e48120d89

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1981-8122&lng=en
                Categories
                ANTHROPOLOGY
                ARCHAEOLOGY

                Archaeology,Anthropology
                Anthropogenic soils,Dark Earths,Agricultural Intensification,Manioc,Central Amazonia,Madeira River,Solos antropogênicos,Terra Preta,Intensificação Agrícola,Mandioca,Amazônia Central,Rio Madeira

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