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      Role of cytochrome P450s in insecticide resistance: impact on the control of mosquito-borne diseases and use of insecticides on Earth

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          Abstract

          The fight against diseases spread by mosquitoes and other insects has enormous environmental, economic and social consequences. Chemical insecticides remain the first line of defence but the control of diseases, especially malaria and dengue fever, is being increasingly undermined by insecticide resistance. Mosquitoes have a large repertoire of P450s (over 100 genes). By pinpointing the key enzymes associated with insecticide resistance we can begin to develop new tools to aid the implementation of control interventions and reduce their environmental impact on Earth. Recent technological advances are helping us to build a functional profile of the P450 determinants of insecticide metabolic resistance in mosquitoes. Alongside, the cross-responses of mosquito P450s to insecticides and pollutants are also being investigated. Such research will provide the means to produce diagnostic tools for early detection of P450s linked to resistance. It will also enable the design of new insecticides with optimized efficacy in different environments.

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          The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

          Robert A Holt, G Mani Subramanian, Aaron Halpern … (2002)
          Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ("dual haplotypes") in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.
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            Pyrethroid resistance in African anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control?

            Hilary Ranson, Raphael N'Guessan, Jonathan Lines … (2011)
            The use of pyrethroid insecticides in malaria vector control has increased dramatically in the past decade through the scale up of insecticide treated net distribution programmes and indoor residual spraying campaigns. Inevitably, the major malaria vectors have developed resistance to these insecticides and the resistance alleles are spreading at an exceptionally rapid rate throughout Africa. Although substantial progress has been made on understanding the causes of pyrethroid resistance, remarkably few studies have focused on the epidemiological impact of resistance on current malaria control activities. As we move into the malaria eradication era, it is vital that the implications of insecticide resistance are understood and strategies to mitigate these effects are implemented. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics.

              Xianchun Li, Mary Schuler, May Berenbaum (2007)
              Xenobiotic resistance in insects has evolved predominantly by increasing the metabolic capability of detoxificative systems and/or reducing xenobiotic target site sensitivity. In contrast to the limited range of nucleotide changes that lead to target site insensitivity, many molecular mechanisms lead to enhancements in xenobiotic metabolism. The genomic changes that lead to amplification, overexpression, and coding sequence variation in the three major groups of genes encoding metabolic enzymes, i.e., cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), are the focus of this review. A substantial number of the adaptive genomic changes associated with insecticide resistance that have been characterized to date are transposon mediated. Several lines of evidence suggest that P450 genes involved in insecticide resistance, and perhaps insecticide detoxification genes in general, may share an evolutionary association with genes involved in allelochemical metabolism. Differences in the selective regime imposed by allelochemicals and insecticides may account for the relative importance of regulatory or structural mutations in conferring resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RSTB
                Journal ID (hwp): royptb
                Title: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
                Publisher: The Royal Society
                ISSN (Print): 0962-8436
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2970
                Publication date (Print): 19 February 2013
                Publication date PMC-release: 19 February 2013
                Volume: 368
                Issue: 1612 , Theme Issue 'Cytochrome P450 and its impact on planet Earth' compiled and edited by David R. Nelson
                Electronic Location Identifier: 20120429
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR 5553, CNRS-Université de Grenoble , BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France
                [2 ]Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
                Author notes

                One contribution of 9 to a Theme Issue ‘ Cytochrome P450 and its impact on planet Earth’.

                Article
                Publisher ID: rstb20120429
                DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0429
                PMC ID: 3538419
                PubMed ID: 23297352
                SO-VID: ee423f3c-dc59-48ed-920b-d736467796b7
                Copyright ©
                License:

                © 2013 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: 15
                Subject: Articles
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                cover-date February 19, 2013

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Philosophy of science
                Keywords: mosquito,malaria,dengue,pyrethroids,oxidases,detoxification
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Philosophy of science
                Keywords: mosquito, malaria, dengue, pyrethroids, oxidases, detoxification

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