Stability of Glutaraldehyde in Biocide Compositions

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Abstract

Glutaraldehyde (GA) is used as biocide in hospitals. Recent public investigations on the chemical composition of biocides used in Romania have in some cases found GA, as a key ingredient, to be apparently diluted. However, these data did not explicitly consider the complex chemical equilibria inherent to GA. An investigation of experimental and theoretical data is reported here, assessing the stability of GA solutions relevant for biocide compositions. GA solutions of various chemical composition and under varying circumstances were analyzed using spectroscopy (UV-VIS, Raman, NMR) coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, as well as chemically, such as via the formation of imines in reaction/titration with glycine monitored at 270 nm; using LC-MS; or using SDS-PAGE analysis with GA as reagent in the polymerization of two test proteins- hemoglobin and myoglobin. The spectral properties of GA changed significantly over time, in a temperature-dependent manner; titration with glycine confirmed the spectral data. SDS-PAGE experiments demonstrated a non-linear and apparently unpredictable change in the reactivity of GA over time. The results may be relevant for the determination of GA concentration in various settings such as biocide analysis, hospital wastewaters, and others.

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Glutaraldehyde: behavior in aqueous solution, reaction with proteins, and application to enzyme crosslinking.

Isabelle Migneault, Catherine Dartiguenave, Michel J. Bertrand … (2004)

Glutaraldehyde possesses unique characteristics that render it one of the most effective protein crosslinking reagents. It can be present in at least 13 different forms depending on solution conditions such as pH, concentration, temperature, etc. Substantial literature is found concerning the use of glutaraldehyde for protein immobilization, yet there is no agreement about the main reactive species that participates in the crosslinking process because monomeric and polymeric forms are in equilibrium. Glutaraldehyde may react with proteins by several means such as aldol condensation or Michael-type addition, and we show here 8 different reactions for various aqueous forms of this reagent. As a result of these discrepancies and the unique characteristics of each enzyme, crosslinking procedures using glutaraldehyde are largely developed through empirical observation. The choice of the enzyme-glutaraldehyde ratio, as well as their final concentration, is critical because insolubilization of the enzyme must result in minimal distortion of its structure in order to retain catalytic activity. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking reagent by describing its structure and chemical properties in aqueous solution in an attempt to explain its high reactivity toward proteins, particularly as applied to the production of insoluble enzymes.

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Toxicological, medical and industrial hygiene aspects of glutaraldehyde with particular reference to its biocidal use in cold sterilization procedures.

B Ballantyne, S L Jordan (2001)

Aqueous solutions of > or =5% glutaraldehyde (GA) are of moderate acute peroral toxicity and those of or =45% are of moderate acute percutaneous toxicity, those of 25% are of slight toxicity and those of or =5%. Primary skin irritation depends on the duration and contact site, occlusion and solvent. By sustained contact, the threshold for skin irritation is 1%, above which erythema and edema are dose related. With 45% and higher, skin corrosion may occur. There is a low incidence of skin sensitizing reactions, with an eliciting threshold of 0.5% aqueous GA. However, GA is neither phototoxic nor photosensitizing. Subchronic repeated exposure studies by the peroral route show only renal physiological compensatory effects, secondary to reduced water consumption. Repeated skin contact shows only minor skin irritant effects without systemic toxicity. By subchronic vapor exposure, effects are limited to the nasal mucosa at 1.0 ppm, with a no-effect concentration generally at 0.1 ppm. There is no evidence for systemic target organ or tissue toxicity by subchronic repeated exposure by any route. A chronic drinking water study showed an apparent increase, in females only, of large granular cell lymphocytic leukemia but this was not dosage related. This is most likely the result of a modifying effect on the factor(s) responsible for the expression of this commonly occurring rat neoplasm. A chronic (2-year) inhalation toxicity/oncogenicity study showed inflammatory changes in the anterior nasal cavity but no neoplasms or systemic toxicity. In vitro genotoxicity studies--bacterial mutagenicity, forward gene mutation (HGPRT and TK loci), sister chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration, UDS and DNA repair tests--have given variable results, ranging from no effect through to weak positive. In vivo genotoxicity studies--micronucleus, chromosome aberration, dominant lethal and Drosophila tests--generally have shown no activity but one mouse intraperitoneal study showed bone marrow cell chromosome aberrations. Developmental toxicity studies show GA not to be teratogenic, and a two-generation study showed no adverse reproductive effects. Percutaneous pharmacokinetic studies showed low skin penetration, with lowest values measured in vitro in rats and human skin. Overexposure of humans produces typical sensory irritant effects on the eye, skin and respiratory tract. Some reports have described an asthmatic-like reaction by overexposure to GA vapor. In most cases this resembles reactive airways dysfunction syndrome, and the role of immune mechanisms is uncertain. Local mucosal effects may occur if medical instruments or endoscopes are not adequately decontaminated. Protection of individuals from the potential adverse effects of GA exposure requires that there be adequate protection of the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. The airborne concentration of GA vapor should be kept below the recommended safe exposure level (e.g. the threshold limit value) by the use of engineering controls. Those who work with GA should, through a training program, be aware of the properties of GA, its potential adverse effects, how to handle the material safely and how to deal with accidental situations involving GA. If effects develop in exposed workers, the reasons should be determined immediately and corrective methods initiated. (c) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Glutaraldehyde: Nature of the reagent

A.H. Korn, S.H. Feairheller, E.M. Filachoine (1972)

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms

Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067

Publication date (Electronic): 10 May 2020

Publication date Collection: May 2020

Volume: 21

Issue: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: 3372

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 Mihail Kogalniceanu street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; mateialina@ 123456chem.ubbcluj.ro (A.M.); cbischin@ 123456chem.ubbcluj.ro (C.P.); iuliapatrascu9416@ 123456yahoo.com (I.P.); mlehene@ 123456chem.ubbcluj.ro (M.L.); florinadeac@ 123456chem.ubbcluj.ro (F.S.); idporumb@ 123456gmail.com (D.P.); rtotos@ 123456chem.ubbcluj.ro (R.T.)

[2 ]Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Southgate, KY 41099, USA; ziebroj1@ 123456mymail.nku.edu

[3 ]Department of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 Mihail Kogalniceanu street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; monica.baia@ 123456phys.ubbcluj.ro

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[* ]Correspondence: rsilaghi@ 123456chem.ubbcluj.ro

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Iulia Patrascu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1629-8043

Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-7747

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Publisher ID: ijms-21-03372

DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093372

PMC ID: 7246990

PubMed ID: 32397667

SO-VID: edd27fd5-57bc-4190-8cb1-b0672245000f

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Stability of Glutaraldehyde in Biocide Compositions

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Most cited references 26

Glutaraldehyde: behavior in aqueous solution, reaction with proteins, and application to enzyme crosslinking.

Toxicological, medical and industrial hygiene aspects of glutaraldehyde with particular reference to its biocidal use in cold sterilization procedures.

Glutaraldehyde: Nature of the reagent

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