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      Bringing together scientific disciplines for collaborative undertakings: a vision for advancing the adverse outcome pathway framework

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Decades of research to understand the impacts of various types of environmental occupational and medical stressors on human health have produced a vast amount of data across many scientific disciplines. Organizing these data in a meaningful way to support risk assessment has been a significant challenge. To address this and other challenges in modernizing chemical health risk assessment, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) formalized the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, an approach to consolidate knowledge into measurable key events (KEs) at various levels of biological organisation causally linked to disease based on the weight of scientific evidence ( http://oe.cd/aops). Currently, AOPs have been considered predominantly in chemical safety but are relevant to radiation. In this context, the Nuclear Energy Agency’s (NEA’s) High-Level Group on Low Dose Research (HLG-LDR) is working to improve research co-ordination, including radiological research with chemical research, identify synergies between the fields and to avoid duplication of efforts and resource investments. To this end, a virtual workshop was held on 7 and 8 October 2020 with experts from the OECD AOP Programme together with the radiation and chemical research/regulation communities. The workshop was a coordinated effort of Health Canada, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). The AOP approach was discussed including key issues to fully embrace its value and catalyze implementation in areas of radiation risk assessment.

          Conclusions:

          A joint chemical and radiological expert group was proposed as a means to encourage cooperation between risk assessors and an initial vision was discussed on a path forward. A global survey was suggested as a way to identify priority health outcomes of regulatory interest for AOP development. Multidisciplinary teams are needed to address the challenge of producing the appropriate data for risk assessments. Data management and machine learning tools were highlighted as a way to progress from weight of evidence to computational causal inference.

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          Most cited references55

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            Adverse outcome pathways: a conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment.

            Ecological risk assessors face increasing demands to assess more chemicals, with greater speed and accuracy, and to do so using fewer resources and experimental animals. New approaches in biological and computational sciences may be able to generate mechanistic information that could help in meeting these challenges. However, to use mechanistic data to support chemical assessments, there is a need for effective translation of this information into endpoints meaningful to ecological risk-effects on survival, development, and reproduction in individual organisms and, by extension, impacts on populations. Here we discuss a framework designed for this purpose, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP). An AOP is a conceptual construct that portrays existing knowledge concerning the linkage between a direct molecular initiating event and an adverse outcome at a biological level of organization relevant to risk assessment. The practical utility of AOPs for ecological risk assessment of chemicals is illustrated using five case examples. The examples demonstrate how the AOP concept can focus toxicity testing in terms of species and endpoint selection, enhance across-chemical extrapolation, and support prediction of mixture effects. The examples also show how AOPs facilitate use of molecular or biochemical endpoints (sometimes referred to as biomarkers) for forecasting chemical impacts on individuals and populations. In the concluding sections of the paper, we discuss how AOPs can help to guide research that supports chemical risk assessments and advocate for the incorporation of this approach into a broader systems biology framework.
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              Computed tomography--an increasing source of radiation exposure.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                8809243
                4885
                Int J Radiat Biol
                Int J Radiat Biol
                International journal of radiation biology
                0955-3002
                1362-3095
                28 November 2023
                2021
                01 March 2021
                11 December 2023
                : 97
                : 4
                : 431-441
                Affiliations
                [a ]Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
                [b ]Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Canada
                [c ]Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France
                [d ]Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
                [e ]Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
                [f ]Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
                [g ]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, USA
                [h ]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
                [i ]McLaughlin Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
                [j ]Lhasa Limited, Leeds, UK
                [k ]US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Jackson, Vicksburg, MS, USA
                [l ]Directorate of Environment and Radiation Protection and Assessment, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
                [m ]Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
                [n ]Radiological Protection and Human Aspects of Nuclear Safety Division, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris, France
                [o ]European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
                [p ]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
                [q ]Electric Power Research Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
                Author notes

                contributors

                Dr. Vinita Chauhan , is a Research Scientist at the Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau of Health Canada. She is a Canadian Delegate on the High-Level Group on Low Dose Research and Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

                Dr. Chris Barber is the CEO of Lhasa Limited, an educational not-forprofit charity that supports its members through the collaborative datasharing and the development of expert and machine-learning in silico predictive systems.

                Dr. Crina Heghes is a Principal Global Alliance Manager at Lhasa. She is currently leading Kaptis, strategic work dedicated to the development of a framework to support risk assessment and decision-making in toxicology using a combination of knowledge and assay data in the context of adverse outcome pathways.

                Dr. Carole Yauk is a Professor in the Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, where she holds the Canada Research Chair in Genomics and the Environment. Dr. Yauk serves as a Canadian delegate to the OECD’s Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics. Within this group, she contributed to the development of the AOP Users’ Handbook and is an AOP developer and reviewer.

                Dr. Francesco Marchetti is a Research Scientist at Health Canada and an internationally recognized expert in germ-cell mutagenesis and genetic toxicology. His current research focuses on using new genomics tools to advance the study of germ cell mutagenesis and the implementation of the Adverse Outcome Pathway approach to characterize the mechanisms leading the genetic toxicity outcomes.

                Dr. Daniel Villeneuve is a Research Toxicologist with the US Environmental Protection Agency. He serves as a delegate to the OECD’s Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics.

                Dr. Donald Cool is a Technical Executive with Electrical Power Research Institute, Charlotte, NC. He is a member of the Main Commission of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), Chair of ICRP Committee 4 on Applications, and a Council Member of the U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

                Dr. Dominique Laurier is a Radiation Epidemiologist, Chair of the High-Level Group on Low Dose Research (HLG-LDR) of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), Member of the Main Commission of the International Commission on Radiological protection (ICRP), Member of the French delegation at the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).

                Dr. Jason O’Brien specializes in developing and applying modern molecular and high-throughput technologies, such as genomics and in vitro models, for characterizing the toxicological hazard of ecological pollutants. O’Brien works with Canadian and International regulators to promote and facilitate the incorporation of modern molecular toxicology data into the chemical risk assessment process.

                Dr. Betty Meek , University of Ottawa, previously managed several chemical risk assessment programmes within Health Canada. With colleagues internationally, she has contributed to or led initiatives in evolving methodology in chemical risk assessment.

                Dr. Holly Laakso is a Biologist in the Radiobiology & Health Branch at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories. Her current research focuses on the effects of low dose radiation on biological systems.

                Dr. Nathalie Delrue holds a Doctorate degree in pharmaceutical sciences from University René Descartes (Paris V). She is an Administrator of the Test Guidelines Programme at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); she is also in charge of the coordination of the Adverse Outcome Pathway development programme, initiated at OECD in 2012.

                Dr. Magdalini Sachana holds a Doctorate degree and is a Policy Analyst with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). She is also in charge of the coordination of the Adverse Outcome Pathway development programme, initiated at OECD in 2012.

                Julie Burtt is a Radiation Biologist with the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. Her research is focused on the potential health effects from exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation. She is an advisor of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).

                Dr. Julie LeBlanc is a Radiation Biologist with the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. Her research is focused on the potential health effects from exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation.

                Dr. Ruth C. Wilkins is the Division Chief of the Ionizing Health Sciences Division at Health Canada. She is an alternate representative of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).

                Dr. Danielle Beaton is a Research Scientist with Canadian Nuclear Laboratories. Her current research focuses on the effects of low dose radiation on biological systems.

                Dr. Sabina Halappanava is a research Scientist with the Genomics and Nanotoxicology Laboratory of the Mechanistic Studies Division, Health Canada. She serves as a Canadian delegate to the OECD’s Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics. She has developed AOP 173 for lung fibrosis. Her current research focuses on elucidating mechanisms of lung toxicity induced by nanomaterials and developing animal alternatives to predicting inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials.

                Dr. Tara Barton-Maclaren is a Research Manager at the Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch of Health Canada. She serves as a Canadian delegate to the OECD’s Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics.

                Michael Boyd is the director of the U.S. EPA Radiation Protection Division’s Center for Science ane is a member of the NCRP, ICRP Committee 4 and chaired the OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency’s Committee on Radiological Protection and Public Health from 2015 until September 2020.

                Dr. Catalina Anghel is a Computational Research Scientist and Section Head of Codes and Algorithms at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories.

                Dr. Edward J. Perkins currently serves as the Acting Army Deputy Chief Scientist and Army Senior Research Scientist in Environmental Networks and Genetic Toxicology in Environmental Laboratory at the U.S. Corps Engineers Army Engineer Research and Development Center.

                Dr. Edward Lazo holds a PhD in radiological protection, and Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees in nuclear engineering. His 30-year career has focused on practical, operational experience, and policy, regulatory and implementational application of lessons learned.

                Dr. Maurice Whelan is head of the Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit of the European Commission’s Joint Research Center. He is also head of the European Union Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing (EURL ECVAM) and co-chair of the Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics at the OECD that manages its Adverse Outcome Pathway Programme.

                Dr. Russell Thomas is the director of the Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure in the Office of Research and Development of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and co-chair of the Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics at the OECD.

                CONTACT Vinita Chauhan vinita.chauhan@ 123456canada.ca Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, PL 6303B, Ottawa K1A 1C1, ON, Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-0915
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-477X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-5139
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9435-4867
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4633-2938
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-7142
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-4738
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4105-0242
                Article
                EPAPA1699025
                10.1080/09553002.2021.1884314
                10711570
                33539251
                ebecade4-0f68-4497-8134-a4dfac686b5a

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

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                Categories
                Article

                Radiology & Imaging
                adverse outcome pathway framework,radiation risk assessment,key events,adverse outcome,low dose

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