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      Efeitos do treinamento físico durante a gestação sobre a evolução ponderal, glicemia e colesterolemia de ratos adultos submetidos à desnutrição perinatal Translated title: Effects of physical training during pregnancy on body weight gain, blood glucose and cholesterol in adult rats submitted to perinatal undernutrition

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          Abstract

          A incompatibilidade entre a desnutrição perinatal e uma nutrição adequada durante o desenvolvimento aumenta o risco de aparecimento precoce de doenças não transmissíveis na vida adulta. Todavia, acredita-se que a atividade física materna possa atenuar estas consequências. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico durante a gestação na evolução ponderal, circunferência abdominal, glicemia e colesterolemia de filhotes adultos submetidos à desnutrição perinatal. Ratas Wistar (n = 12) foram divididas em quatro grupos: controle (C, n = 3), treinada (T, n = 3), desnutrida (D, n = 3) e treinada desnutrida (T+D, n = 3). Durante a gestação e lactação, os grupos D e T+D receberam dieta baixa em proteína (8% caseína) e os grupos C e T receberam dieta normoproteica (caseína a 17%). O protocolo de treinamento físico moderado foi realizado em esteira ergométrica (cinco dias/semana, 60 min/dia, a 65% do VO2max) e iniciou quatro semanas antes da gestação. Na gestação, a duração e a intensidade do treinamento foram reduzidas (cinco dias/semana, 20 min/dia, a 30% do VO2max) até o 19º dia pré-natal. Após o desmame, os filhotes (C F = 9, T F = 9, D F = 7, T+D F = 9) receberam dieta padrão de biotério e foram avaliados aos 270 dias de idade. A circunferência abdominal (CA) foi avaliada relativa ao peso corporal. Para avaliação da glicemia e colesterolemia foi utilizado o método enzimático colorimétrico da glicose-oxidase/peroxidase e da colesterol-oxidase, respectivamente. Ratos do grupo D F apresentaram um maior ganho de peso corporal ao longo do crescimento, maiores valores de CA, glicemia e colesterolemia quando comparados ao grupo C F. Para o grupo T+D F, o ganho de peso foi atenuado, e a CA, a glicemia e a colesterolemia foram normalizadas (p < 0,05). Esses resultados demonstram que o treinamento físico durante a gestação atenua os efeitos da desnutrição perinatal sobre alguns indicadores murinométricos e bioquímicos nos filhotes adultos.

          Translated abstract

          The incompatibility of perinatal undernutrition and adequate nutrition during development increases the risk of early onset of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. However, it has been considered that maternal physical activity may attenuate these effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical training during pregnancy on body weight gain, waist circumference, glycaemia and cholesterolemia in adult offspring submitted to perinatal undernutrition. Female Wistar rats (n = 12) were divided into four groups: control (C, n = 3), trained (T, n = 3), undernourished (D, n = 3) undernourished and trained (T+D, n = 3). During gestation and lactation, D and T+D groups were fed a low protein diet (8% casein) and C and T groups fed a normal protein diet (17% casein). The protocol of moderate physical training was performed on a treadmill (5 days/week, 60 min/day, at 65% of VO2max) and began 4 weeks before pregnancy. At pregnancy, the duration and intensity of training were reduced (5 days/week, 20 min/day, at 30% VO2max) until the 19th prenatal day. At weaning, male pups (CP = 9, TP = 9, DP = 7, T+DP = 9) received standard diet and evaluations took place at 270 days old. Abdominal circumference (AC) was evaluated in relation to body weight. Enzymatic colorimetric method glucose-oxidase/peroxidase and cholesterol-oxidase was used to evaluate fasting glycaemia and cholesterolemia, respectively. Rats from DP group showed high body weight gain during growth, values of CA, glycaemia and cholesterolemia when compared to CP. Concerning the T+DP group,body weight gain was attenuated, and the CA, glycaemia and cholesterolemia were normalized (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that physical training during pregnancy reduces the effects of perinatal undernutrition on some murinometric and biochemical indicators of adult offspring.

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          The nutritional basis of the fetal origins of adult disease.

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            Animal Models for Small for Gestational Age and Fetal Programing of Adult Disease

            Fetal growth retardation is a fetal adaptation in response to inadequate supply of oxygen and/or nutrients. Animal models of intrauterine growth retardation are an invaluable tool to question the genetic, molecularand cellular events that determine fetal growth and development.Rodent and non-litter bearing animals are mammalian system with similar embryology,anatomy and physiology to humans. Utilization of these systems has led to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology and consequences of intrauterine growth retardation. These observations are comparable to that observed in humans born small for gestational age, and are of interest because of the known association between poor fetal growth and development of adult disease. Allthe experimental manipulations described here have altered a number of metabolic and physiological variables, but the pattern of alterations seems to vary with the procedure and species employed. This review describes animal models for intrauterine growth retardation and assesses their potentials and limitations at aiming to improve strategies for the prevention of adult disease.
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              Physical activity level and weight gain in a cohort of pregnant Norwegian women.

              It is generally recommended that healthy, pregnant women should engage in moderate exercise on most days of the week. However, there is scant knowledge about the overall physical activity and exercise levels among pregnant women. To assess the total physical activity level of pregnant women, and to investigate the association between weight gain, physical activity and exercise during pregnancy. Pregnant women (n=467) answered a questionnaire on total physical activity level in gestation week 36. Some 55% of the participants reported working in a sitting position. Most women drove (52.9%) or used public transport (31.7%) to work. A total of 39% reported sedentary activities of>or=4 h (watching television and reading) daily; 19% were defined as non-exercisers before pregnancy, 30% in the first trimester, 36% in the second trimester and 53% in the third trimester. Fifty women (10.6%) continued to exercise>or=4 times/week in the third trimester. Mean weight gain was 13.8 kg (SD: 5.2). Of the normal pregestational weight women (pre-BMI: or=26), 32 and 51% had exceeded weight gain above accepted recommendations, respectively. Women who exercised regularly had significantly lower weight gain than inactive women in the third trimester only. Pregnant women have a low total physical activity level, and a high percentage of women exceed the recommended weight gain during pregnancy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbme
                Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
                Rev Bras Med Esporte
                Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exercício e do Esporte (São Paulo )
                1806-9940
                February 2012
                : 18
                : 1
                : 58-62
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                Article
                S1517-86922012000100012
                10.1590/S1517-86922012000100012
                ea1452e4-54a7-470f-b1e2-ece42c84957b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1517-8692&lng=en
                Categories
                PHYSIOLOGY
                SPORT SCIENCES

                Sports medicine,Anatomy & Physiology
                phenotypic plasticity,low-protein diet,physical exercise,plasticidade fenotípica,dieta com baixa proteína,exercício físico

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