Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis

Fehr, Anthony R.; Perlman, Stanley

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1

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Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis

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Author(s): Anthony R. Fehr , Stanley Perlman , M.D., Ph.D.

Editor(s): Helena Jane Maier ² , Erica Bickerton ³ , Paul Britton ⁴

Publication date (Electronic): 12 February 2015

Journal: Coronaviruses

Keywords: Nidovirales, Coronavirus, Positive-sense RNA viruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV

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Abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. Here we provide a brief introduction to coronaviruses discussing their replication and pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the recently identified Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

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Most cited references 86

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Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.

Theo M. Bestebroer, Albert Osterhaus, Sander van Boheemen … (2012)

A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from the sputum of a 60-year-old man who presented with acute pneumonia and subsequent renal failure with a fatal outcome in Saudi Arabia. The virus (called HCoV-EMC) replicated readily in cell culture, producing cytopathic effects of rounding, detachment, and syncytium formation. The virus represents a novel betacoronavirus species. The closest known relatives are bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. Here, the clinical data, virus isolation, and molecular identification are presented. The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.

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Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.

Y Guan (2003)

A novel coronavirus (SCoV) is the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SCoV-like viruses were isolated from Himalayan palm civets found in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China. Evidence of virus infection was also detected in other animals (including a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides) and in humans working at the same market. All the animal isolates retain a 29-nucleotide sequence that is not found in most human isolates. The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission, although the natural reservoir is not known.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats.

S K P Lau, P Woo, K. S. M. Li … (2005)

Although the finding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in caged palm civets from live animal markets in China has provided evidence for interspecies transmission in the genesis of the SARS epidemic, subsequent studies suggested that the civet may have served only as an amplification host for SARS-CoV. In a surveillance study for CoV in noncaged animals from the wild areas of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, we identified a CoV closely related to SARS-CoV (bat-SARS-CoV) from 23 (39%) of 59 anal swabs of wild Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) by using RT-PCR. Sequencing and analysis of three bat-SARS-CoV genomes from samples collected at different dates showed that bat-SARS-CoV is closely related to SARS-CoV from humans and civets. Phylogenetic analysis showed that bat-SARS-CoV formed a distinct cluster with SARS-CoV as group 2b CoV, distantly related to known group 2 CoV. Most differences between the bat-SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV genomes were observed in the spike genes, ORF 3 and ORF 8, which are the regions where most variations also were observed between human and civet SARS-CoV genomes. In addition, the presence of a 29-bp insertion in ORF 8 of bat-SARS-CoV genome, not in most human SARS-CoV genomes, suggests that it has a common ancestor with civet SARS-CoV. Antibody against recombinant bat-SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein was detected in 84% of Chinese horseshoe bats by using an enzyme immunoassay. Neutralizing antibody to human SARS-CoV also was detected in bats with lower viral loads. Precautions should be exercised in the handling of these animals.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Helena Jane Maier: helena.maier@pirbright.ac.uk

Erica Bickerton: erica.bickerton@pirbright.ac.uk

Paul Britton: paul.britton@pirbright.ac.uk

Stanley Perlman: stanley-perlman@uiowa.edu

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): 978-1-4939-2438-7

Journal ID (doi): 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Coronaviruses

Title: Coronaviruses

Subtitle: Methods and Protocols

ISBN (Print): 978-1-4939-2437-0

ISBN (Electronic): 978-1-4939-2438-7

Publication date (Electronic): 12 February 2015

Publication date Collection: 2015

Volume: 1282

Pages: 1-23

Affiliations

[2 ]GRID grid.63622.33, ISNI 0000000403887540, The Pirbright Institute, ; Compton, United Kingdom

[3 ]GRID grid.63622.33, ISNI 0000000403887540, The Pirbright Institute, ; Compton, United Kingdom

[4 ]GRID grid.63622.33, ISNI 0000000403887540, The Pirbright Institute, ; Compton, United Kingdom

GRID grid.214572.7, ISNI 0000000419368294, Department of Microbiology, , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, ; Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

Article

Publisher ID: 1

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1

PMC ID: 4369385

PubMed ID: 25720466

SO-VID: e9deab73-94af-41ae-99c8-dfc92b71479c

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This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Keywords: nidovirales,coronavirus,positive-sense rna viruses,sars-cov,mers-cov

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Keywords: nidovirales, coronavirus, positive-sense rna viruses, sars-cov, mers-cov

Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis

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Abstract

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Coronaviruses, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

Most cited references 86

Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.

Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats.

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