Application of modified water treatment residuals in water and wastewater treatment: A review

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Abstract

Large quantities of sludge known as water treatment residuals (WTRs) are generated from water treatment facilities across the world. Various attempts have been made to reuse these residuals. Among the different applications of WTRs, their reuse in water and wastewater treatment has received more attention. However, direct application of raw WTRs is associated with some limitations. In the last decade, in order to improve their characteristics, numerous investigators have modified WTRs by different methods. This paper reviews the different methods applied to WTRs to enhance their characteristics. The effects of these modifications on their characteristics are explained. The applications of modified WTRs as a filtration/adsorption medium for treating textile/dye wastewater, groundwater containing different anionic and cationic pollutants, storm water runoff, and as a substrate in constructed wetlands are presented in detail. Future research needs are highlighted. The review clearly indicates the potential of different modification methods to improve the removal of a variety of pollutants by WTRs from water and wastewater.

Graphical abstract

Highlights

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Different methods are used for modifying water treatment residuals (WTRs).
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Modification of WTRs enhanced their characteristics.
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Different classes of pollutants are removed by modified WTRs when used as adsorption/filtration medium.
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Most of the studies are conducted with simulated/synthetic water/wastewater.

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Most cited references 148

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An update on synthetic dyes adsorption onto clay based minerals: A state-of-art review.

Arjun Maity, Vhahangwele Masindi, Tholiso Ngulube … (2017)

Dyes are growing to be a problematic class of pollutants to the environment. The disposal of dyes in water resources has bad aesthetic and health effects, hence the need to remove them from the environment. The need for treatment methods that are effective and low in price is rising hence a lot of research interest is being diverted towards adsorbents that are cheap, preferable naturally occurring materials like clays. In most reported dye adsorption studies, limited information on the relationship between characterization results with adsorbent performance on dye removal has been given. This review article seeks to report on the link between the adsorption characteristics of the clays and their adsorption capacities and to gather information on the modifications done on clays to improve their adsorption capacities. A critical analysis of the different mechanisms involved during the decolouration process and their application for dye removal has been discussed in detail in this up-to-date review. From a wide range of consulted literature review, it is evident that some clays have appreciable adsorption capacities on top of being widely available. It was also noted that several parameters like contact time, dosage, concentration, temperature and pH affect the removal of dyes. Furthermore, the application of clay minerals for decolourising water represents economic viable and locally available materials that can be used substantially for pollution control and management. Conclusions were also drawn and suggestions for future research perspectives are proposed.