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      Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms in Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Colombia

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          Abstract

          Background

          : Mental health outcomes in healthcare workers (HCWs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have been poorly explored during COVID-19 pandemic. Our aim was to carry out a cross-sectional study of the prevalence of mental health symptoms in HCWs in Colombia.

          Methods

          : A cross-sectional web-survey study was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic mid-2021 including HCWs in two hospitals in Colombia. The PCL-5, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 scales were used to assess the prevalence of symptoms and severity of PTSD, anxiety, and depression in Colombia.

          Results

          : From 257 surveyed respondents, 44.36% were nurses, 36.58% physicians and 19.07% other health professionals. The prevalence of PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms were 18.68%, 43.19%, and 26.85%, amongst HCWs. The regression model evidence a strong risk of PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms in HCWs in Colombia during the second wave of COVID-19 in the middle of 2021.

          Conclusions

          : The prevalence for several mental health symptoms in HCWs in Colombia were higher compared with the general population. HCWs are at-risk population to develop chronic symptoms and mental disorders during and after outbreaks. These results will be helpful to tailor strategies to support the physical and mental health of the HCWs in LMICs.

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          Most cited references50

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

            Jianbo Lai, Simeng Ma, Ying Wang … (2020)
            Key Points Question What factors are associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers in China who are treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in multiple regions of China, a considerable proportion of health care workers reported experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers directly engaged in diagnosing, treating, or providing nursing care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that, among Chinese health care workers exposed to COVID-19, women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support or interventions.
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              The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.

              Erik von Elm, Douglas G. Altman, Matthias Egger … (2014)
              Much biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study's generalisability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. We convened a 2-day workshop in September 2004, with methodologists, researchers, and journal editors to draft a checklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE Statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles. 18 items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies. A detailed Explanation and Elaboration document is published separately and is freely available on the Web sites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE Statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
                Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2468-7499
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 August 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 August 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100293
                Affiliations
                [a ]Center for Clinical and Translational Research, La Misericordia Clínica Internacional, Barranquilla, Colombia
                [b ]Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla, Colombia
                [c ]Latin-American Society of Consultation – Liaison Psychiatry, Bogotá, Colombia
                [d ]Instituto Cardiovascular del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Carrera 54 No 64-222, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2468-7499(22)00035-7 Publisher ID: 100293
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100293
                PMC ID: 9395281
                PubMed ID: 37520401
                SO-VID: e8170345-73d8-49c4-8eee-a49f2ab7c497
                Copyright © © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 28 June 2022
                Date revision received : 10 August 2022
                Date accepted : 22 August 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Covid-19

                Keywords: mental health outcomes,ptsd,anxiety,depression,healthcare workers,covid-19
                Data availability:
                Keywords: mental health outcomes, ptsd, anxiety, depression, healthcare workers, covid-19

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