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      Distorted Views of Biodiversity: Spatial and Temporal Bias in Species Occurrence Data

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          Abstract

          Boakes et al. compile and analyze a historical dataset of 170,000 bird sightings over two centuries and show how changing trends in data gathering may confound a true picture of biodiversity change.

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          Monitoring change in vertebrate abundance: the living planet index.

          Louise McRae, Tamie A. J. Loh, Sarah Whitmee … (2009)
          The task of measuring the decline of global biodiversity and instituting changes to halt and reverse this downturn has been taken up in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 target. It is an undertaking made more difficult by the complex nature of biodiversity and the consequent difficulty in accurately gauging its depletion. In the Living Planet Index, aggregated population trends among vertebrate species indicate the rate of change in the status of biodiversity, and this index can be used to address the question of whether or not the 2010 target has been achieved. We investigated the use of generalized additive models in aggregating large quantities of population trend data, evaluated potential bias that results from collation of existing trends, and explored the feasibility of disaggregating the data (e.g., geographically, taxonomically, regionally, and by thematic area). Our results show strengths in length and completeness of data, little evidence of bias toward threatened species, and the possibility of disaggregation into meaningful subsets. Limitations of the data set are still apparent, in particular the dominance of bird data and gaps in tropical-species population coverage. Population-trend data complement the longer-term, but more coarse-grained, perspectives gained by evaluating species-level extinction rates. To measure progress toward the 2010 target, indicators must be adapted and strategically supplemented with existing data to generate meaningful indicators in time. Beyond 2010, it is critical a strategy be set out for the future development of indicators that will deal with existing data gaps and that is intricately tied to the goals of future biodiversity targets.
          Article 0 comments Cited 156 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity.

            Jonathan Loh, Rhys E. Green, Taylor H Ricketts … (2005)
            The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity over time. It uses time-series data to calculate average rates of change in a large number of populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate species. The dataset contains about 3000 population time series for over 1100 species. Two methods of calculating the index are outlined: the chain method and a method based on linear modelling of log-transformed data. The dataset is analysed to compare the relative representation of biogeographic realms, ecoregional biomes, threat status and taxonomic groups among species contributing to the index. The two methods show very similar results: terrestrial species declined on average by 25% from 1970 to 2000. Birds and mammals are over-represented in comparison with other vertebrate classes, and temperate species are over-represented compared with tropical species, but there is little difference in representation between threatened and non-threatened species. Some of the problems arising from over-representation are reduced by the way in which the index is calculated. It may be possible to reduce this further by post-stratification and weighting, but new information would first need to be collected for data-poor classes, realms and biomes.
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              Ecology. Toward a global biodiversity observing system.

              R Scholes, G. M Mace, W. Turner … (2008)
              Article 0 comments Cited 84 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosbiol
                Title: PLoS Biology
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Print): 1544-9173
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-7885
                Publication date Collection: June 2010
                Publication date (Print): June 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 June 2010
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1000385
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Berkshire, United Kingdom
                [2 ]World Pheasant Association, Newcastle University Biology Field Station, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
                [3 ]School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
                [4 ]The Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Climate Adaptation Flagship and CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
                [5 ]College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
                [6 ]Aquatic Department, The London Aquarium, London, United Kingdom
                Author notes

                Essays articulate a specific perspective on a topic of broad interest to scientists.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 09-PLBI-E-3743R3
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000385
                PMC ID: 2879389
                PubMed ID: 20532234
                SO-VID: e74b19d9-00d6-4e5b-a772-349e4e6cb144
                Copyright © Boakes et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Categories
                Subject: Essay
                Subject: Ecology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences

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