Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Body Composition in Children from the Spanish Region of Aragon

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Abstract

Most of the studies analyzing the effect of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on children’s health do not contain information on early stages or do not use accurate methods. We investigated the association between PA and body composition using objective methods, perinatal data, lifestyle behaviors, and World Health Organization (WHO) physical activity (PA) recommendations. The CALINA study is a longitudinal observational cohort study of children born in Aragon (Spain) in 2009. A total of 308 7-year-old children (52.3% boys) were assessed. We used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and accelerometry. Rapid weight gain until 12 months and lifestyle behaviors were considered as covariates both in the ANCOVA and linear regression models. A higher percentage of boys met the WHO PA recommendations compared to girls (69.6% vs. 40.9%, respectively; p < 0.001). There was a negative association between MVPA and subtotal fat and abdominal fat in both girls and boys. After adjusting for perinatal and lifestyle variables, we found that subtotal body fat, abdominal fat, and fat mass index (FMI) were significantly lower in those classified as active. MVPA was associated with body fat both in boys and girls. More research is needed to identify the cutoffs points of MVPA that generate benefit to boys and girls in all body composition components.

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Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth.

Veronica Joan Poitras, Casey Ellen Gray, Michael Borghese … (2016)

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is essential for disease prevention and health promotion. Emerging evidence suggests other intensities of physical activity (PA), including light-intensity activity (LPA), may also be important, but there has been no rigorous evaluation of the evidence. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the relationships between objectively measured PA (total and all intensities) and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Online databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies that met the a priori inclusion criteria: population (apparently healthy, aged 5-17 years), intervention/exposure/comparator (volumes, durations, frequencies, intensities, and patterns of objectively measured PA), and outcome (body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, physical fitness, behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour, cognition/academic achievement, quality of life/well-being, harms, bone health, motor skill development, psychological distress, self-esteem). Heterogeneity among studies precluded meta-analyses; narrative synthesis was conducted. A total of 162 studies were included (204 171 participants from 31 countries). Overall, total PA was favourably associated with physical, psychological/social, and cognitive health indicators. Relationships were more consistent and robust for higher (e.g., MVPA) versus lower (e.g., LPA) intensity PA. All patterns of activity (sporadic, bouts, continuous) provided benefit. LPA was favourably associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers; data were scarce for other outcomes. These findings continue to support the importance of at least 60 min/day of MVPA for disease prevention and health promotion in children and youth, but also highlight the potential benefits of LPA and total PA. All intensities of PA should be considered in future work aimed at better elucidating the health benefits of PA in children and youth.

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Accelerometer Data Collection and Processing Criteria to Assess Physical Activity and Other Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Practical Considerations

Jonatan R. Ruiz, Marie Löf, Idoia Labayen … (2017)

Accelerometers are widely used to measure sedentary time, physical activity, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), and sleep-related behaviors, with the ActiGraph being the most frequently used brand by researchers. However, data collection and processing criteria have evolved in a myriad of ways out of the need to answer unique research questions; as a result there is no consensus. Objectives The purpose of this review was to: (1) compile and classify existing studies assessing sedentary time, physical activity, energy expenditure, or sleep using the ActiGraph GT3X/+ through data collection and processing criteria to improve data comparability and (2) review data collection and processing criteria when using GT3X/+ and provide age-specific practical considerations based on the validation/calibration studies identified. Methods Two independent researchers conducted the search in PubMed and Web of Science. We included all original studies in which the GT3X/+ was used in laboratory, controlled, or free-living conditions published from 1 January 2010 to the 31 December 2015. Results The present systematic review provides key information about the following data collection and processing criteria: placement, sampling frequency, filter, epoch length, non-wear-time, what constitutes a valid day and a valid week, cut-points for sedentary time and physical activity intensity classification, and algorithms to estimate PAEE and sleep-related behaviors. The information is organized by age group, since criteria are usually age-specific. Conclusion This review will help researchers and practitioners to make better decisions before (i.e., device placement and sampling frequency) and after (i.e., data processing criteria) data collection using the GT3X/+ accelerometer, in order to obtain more valid and comparable data. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016039991.

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Review of Childhood Obesity

Seema Kumar, Aaron S Kelly (2017)

Childhood obesity has emerged as an important public health problem in the United States and other countries in the world. Currently 1 in 3 children in the United States is afflicted with overweight or obesity. The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is associated with emergence of comorbidities previously considered to be "adult" diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and dyslipidemia. The most common cause of obesity in children is a positive energy balance due to caloric intake in excess of caloric expenditure combined with a genetic predisposition for weight gain. Most obese children do not have an underlying endocrine or single genetic cause for their weight gain. Evaluation of children with obesity is aimed at determining the cause of weight gain and assessing for comorbidities resulting from excess weight. Family-based lifestyle interventions, including dietary modifications and increased physical activity, are the cornerstone of weight management in children. A staged approach to pediatric weight management is recommended with consideration of the age of the child, severity of obesity, and presence of obesity-related comorbidities in determining the initial stage of treatment. Lifestyle interventions have shown only modest effect on weight loss, particularly in children with severe obesity. There is limited information on the efficacy and safety of medications for weight loss in children. Bariatric surgery has been found to be effective in decreasing excess weight and improving comorbidities in adolescents with severe obesity. However, there are limited data on the long-term efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery in adolescents. For this comprehensive review, the literature was scanned from 1994 to 2016 using PubMed using the following search terms: childhood obesity, pediatric obesity, childhood overweight, bariatric surgery, and adolescents.

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Zoe Knowles: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Children (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Children (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): children

Title: Children

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2227-9067

Publication date (Electronic): 26 April 2021

Publication date Collection: May 2021

Volume: 8

Issue: 5

Electronic Location Identifier: 341

Affiliations

[1 ]Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; pilarferrersantos@ 123456gmail.com (P.F.-S.); bmuniz@ 123456unizar.es (B.M.-P.); mlmiguel@ 123456unizar.es (M.L.M.-B.); pfloba@ 123456unizar.es (P.F.-B.); lmoreno@ 123456unizar.es (L.A.M.); gerard@ 123456unizar.es (G.R.-M.)

[2 ]Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

[3 ]Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain

[4 ]Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

[5 ]CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28040 Madrid, Spain

[6 ]Departament of Pediatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

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[* ]Correspondence: iglesia@ 123456unizar.es ; Tel.: +34-876843756

Author information

Iris Iglesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-3646

Borja Muñiz-Pardos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-9033

María Luisa Miguel-Berges https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2411-9538

Paloma Flores-Barrantes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-900X

Luis A. Moreno https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-653X

Gerardo Rodríguez-Martínez https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-9912

Article

Publisher ID: children-08-00341

DOI: 10.3390/children8050341

PMC ID: 8146711

PubMed ID: 33926063

SO-VID: e70e6de5-5825-43b5-9122-63344114fd9a

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Body Composition in Children from the Spanish Region of Aragon

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Most cited references 40

Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth.

Accelerometer Data Collection and Processing Criteria to Assess Physical Activity and Other Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Practical Considerations

Review of Childhood Obesity

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