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      Self-reported clinical history of misdiagnosed leprosy cases in the State of Mato Grosso, Brzil, 2016-2019 Translated title: Histórico clínico autorreferido de casos mal classificados de hanseníase no Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2016-2019 Translated title: Historia clínica autorreportada de casos de lepra mal diagnosticados en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2016-2019

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          Abstract

          This study aimed to analyze the self-reported clinical history of patients misdiagnosed with leprosy in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study of new leprosy cases diagnosed in the State of Mato Grosso from 2016 to 2019, with individuals who were released from multidrug therapy due to misdiagnosis after starting treatment. Data were collected via telephone interviews. Over the study period, 354 leprosy cases were released from treatment due to misdiagnosis, of which 162 (45.8%) could be interviewed. All interviewees expressed dissatisfaction with their treatment, which prompted them to seek a reevaluation of their diagnosis before they were released due to “misdiagnosis”. Among them, 35.8% received a final diagnosis of a musculoskeletal or connective tissue disease - mainly fibromyalgia and degenerative changes in the spine - followed by 13.6% with diagnoses of skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases. For 23.5% of the respondents, no alternative diagnosis was established, whereas 7.4% were later re-diagnosed with leprosy. Fibromyalgia and spinal problems were the most common alternative diagnoses for erroneous leprosy. Although the diagnosis of leprosy is usually clinical and does not require access to technical infrastructure in most cases, some more complex situations require diagnostic support via complementary tests, as well as close collaboration between primary care and reference services.

          Translated abstract

          O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o histórico clínico autorreferido de pacientes diagnosticados erroneamente com hanseníase no Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de novos casos de hanseníase diagnosticados no Estado do Mato Grosso, de 2016 a 2019, que após o início da poliquimioterapia foram liberados do tratamento devido a erros de diagnóstico. Para a coleta de dados, foram realizadas entrevistas telefônicas. Durante o período do estudo, 354 indivíduos com hanseníase foram liberados do tratamento por erro de diagnóstico, dos quais 162 (45,8%) puderam ser entrevistados. Todos os entrevistados expressaram insatisfação com o tratamento, levando à reavaliação do diagnóstico antes de serem liberados por “erro de diagnóstico”. Dentre eles, 35,8% tinham como diagnóstico final uma doença musculoesquelética ou do tecido conjuntivo, principalmente fibromialgia e alterações na coluna vertebral, seguidos por 13,6% com diagnósticos de doenças de pele e tecido subcutâneo. Para 23,5% dos entrevistados, nenhum diagnóstico alternativo foi estabelecido, enquanto 7,4% foram posteriormente rediagnosticados com hanseníase. Diagnósticos errôneos de hanseníase foram mais frequentemente reclassificados como fibromialgia e problemas na coluna vertebral. Embora o diagnóstico da hanseníase seja geralmente clínico e não exija acesso à infraestrutura técnica na maioria dos casos, algumas situações mais complexas requerem apoio ao diagnóstico por meio de exames complementares, bem como estreita colaboração entre a atenção primária e os serviços de referência.

          Translated abstract

          El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la historia clínica autorreportada de pacientes con diagnóstico erróneo de lepra en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal de nuevos casos de lepra diagnosticados en el estado de Mato Grosso, en el periodo de 2016 a 2019, que, después de iniciar la quimioterapia multimedicamentosa, fueron dados de alta del tratamiento por errores diagnósticos. Para la recolección de datos se realizaron entrevistas telefónicas. Durante el periodo de estudio, 354 individuos con lepra fueron dados de alta del tratamiento por diagnóstico erróneo, de los cuales 162 (45,8%) fueron entrevistados. Todos los encuestados manifestaron su insatisfacción con el tratamiento, lo que llevó a una reevaluación del diagnóstico antes de ser dados de alta por “error de diagnóstico”. Entre ellos, el 35,8% tenía como diagnóstico final una enfermedad musculoesquelética o del tejido conectivo, principalmente fibromialgia y cambios en la columna, seguidos de un 13,6% con diagnóstico de enfermedades de la piel y del tejido subcutáneo. El 23,5% de los encuestados no recibieron un diagnóstico alternativo, mientras que el 7,4% fueron rediagnosticados posteriormente con lepra. Los diagnósticos erróneos de lepra se reclasificaron con mayor frecuencia como fibromialgia y problemas de columna. Aunque el diagnóstico de lepra es generalmente clínico y, en la mayoría de los casos, no requiere acceso a infraestructura técnica, algunas situaciones más complejas necesitan pruebas complementarias para su diagnóstico, así como una estrecha colaboración entre la atención primaria y los servicios de referencia.

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          The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity.

          To develop simple, practical criteria for clinical diagnosis of fibromyalgia that are suitable for use in primary and specialty care and that do not require a tender point examination, and to provide a severity scale for characteristic fibromyalgia symptoms. We performed a multicenter study of 829 previously diagnosed fibromyalgia patients and controls using physician physical and interview examinations, including a widespread pain index (WPI), a measure of the number of painful body regions. Random forest and recursive partitioning analyses were used to guide the development of a case definition of fibromyalgia, to develop criteria, and to construct a symptom severity (SS) scale. Approximately 25% of fibromyalgia patients did not satisfy the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 classification criteria at the time of the study. The most important diagnostic variables were WPI and categorical scales for cognitive symptoms, unrefreshed sleep, fatigue, and number of somatic symptoms. The categorical scales were summed to create an SS scale. We combined the SS scale and the WPI to recommend a new case definition of fibromyalgia: (WPI > or =7 AND SS > or =5) OR (WPI 3-6 AND SS > or =9). This simple clinical case definition of fibromyalgia correctly classifies 88.1% of cases classified by the ACR classification criteria, and does not require a physical or tender point examination. The SS scale enables assessment of fibromyalgia symptom severity in persons with current or previous fibromyalgia, and in those to whom the criteria have not been applied. It will be especially useful in the longitudinal evaluation of patients with marked symptom variability.
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            Factors Contributing to the Delay in Diagnosis and Continued Transmission of Leprosy in Brazil – An Explorative, Quantitative, Questionnaire Based Study

            Background Leprosy is a leading cause of preventable disability worldwide. Delay in diagnosis of patients augments the transmission of infection, and allows progression of disease and more severe disability. Delays in diagnosis greater than ten years have been reported in Brazil. To reduce this delay, it is important to identify factors that hinder patients from presenting to doctors, and those that delay doctors from diagnosing patients once they have presented. This study aimed to explore factors associated with the delayed diagnosis of leprosy in Brazil. Methodology/ Principal Findings This is an exploratory study using a self-constructed questionnaire delivered to patients attending three leprosy referral clinics across three states in Brazil. Data were analysed to determine associations between variables and the time taken for participants to present to the health-service, and between variables and the time taken for doctors to diagnose participants once they had presented. Participants who suspected they had leprosy but feared community isolation were 10 times more likely to wait longer before consulting a doctor for their symptoms (OR 10.37, 95% CI 2.18–49.45, p = 0.003). Participants who thought their symptoms were not serious had a threefold greater chance of waiting longer before consulting than those who did (OR 3.114, 95% CI 1.235–7.856, p = 0.016). Forty-two point six per cent of participants reported initially receiving a diagnosis besides leprosy. These had a three times greater chance of receiving a later diagnosis of leprosy compared to those not misdiagnosed or not given a diagnosis (OR 2.867, 95% CI 1.288–6.384, p = 0.010). Conclusions/ Significance This study implies a need for patient education regarding leprosy symptoms and the reduction of stigma to encourage patients to present. The high rate of misdiagnosis reported suggests a need to increase clinician suspicion of leprosy. Further education regarding disease symptoms in medical school curriculums may be advisable.
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              Multibacillary leprosy by population groups in Brazil: Lessons from an observational study

              Background Leprosy remains an important public health problem in Brazil where 28,761 new cases were diagnosed in 2015, the second highest number of new cases detected globally. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a pathogen spread by patients with multibacillary (MB) leprosy. This study was designed to identify population groups most at risk for MB disease in Brazil, contributing to new ideas for early diagnosis and leprosy control. Methods A national databank of cases reported in Brazil (2001–2013) was used to evaluate epidemiological characteristics of MB leprosy. Additionally, the databank of a leprosy reference center was used to determine factors associated with higher bacillary loads. Results A total of 541,090 cases were analyzed. New case detection rates (NCDRs) increased with age, especially for men with MB leprosy, reaching 44.8 new cases/100,000 population in 65–69 year olds. Males and subjects older than 59 years had twice the odds of MB leprosy than females and younger cases (OR = 2.36, CI95% = 2.33–2.38; OR = 1.99, CI95% = 1.96–2.02, respectively). Bacillary load was higher in male and in patients aged 20–39 and 40–59 years compared to females and other age groups. From 2003 to 2013, there was a progressive reduction in annual NCDRs and an increase in the percentage of MB cases and of elderly patients in Brazil. These data suggest reduction of leprosy transmission in the country. Conclusion Public health policies for leprosy control in endemic areas in Brazil should include activities especially addressed to men and to the elderly in order to further reduce M. leprae transmission.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: participated on the conceptualization of the articleRole: data collectionRole: writing and revisionRole: approved the final version for publication
                Role: contributed on the writing and revision of the paperRole: approved the final version for publication
                Role: contributed on the writing and revision of the paperRole: approved the final version for publication
                Role: contributed on the writing and revision of the paperRole: approved the final version for publication
                Role: collaborated on the conceptualization of the articleRole: writing and revision of the paperRole: approved the final version for publication
                Journal
                Cad Saude Publica
                Cad Saude Publica
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                26 May 2023
                2023
                : 39
                : 5
                : e00279421
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brasil.
                [2 ]Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil.
                [3 ] Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil.
                [4 ] Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
                [5 ] University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
                [6 ] Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Cáceres, Brasil.
                Author notes
                [Correspondence ] K. V. R. N. Neves Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brasil. karinereal@ 123456hotmail.com

                Additional information: ORCID: Karine Vila Real Nunes Neves (0000-0001-9673-5981); Lúbia Maieles Gomes Machado (0000-0003-4538-5138); Maurício Nobre Lisboa (0000-0003-4932-3137); Peter Steinmann (0000-0003-4800-3019); Eliane Ignotti (0000-0002-9743-1856).

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9673-5981
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4538-5138
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-3137
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-3019
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9743-1856
                Article
                05007
                10.1590/0102-311XEN279421
                10549972
                37255191
                e6624dfb-30e6-4f18-ba38-055a6962c625

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 16 December 2021
                : 09 January 2023
                : 06 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 27
                Funding
                Funded by: Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES
                Award ID: 88881.710435/2022-01
                To Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES; n. 155, of August 10, 2022, PDPG Consolidation Programs 3-4 process 88881.710435/2022-01) for funding
                Categories
                Article

                diagnosis,fibromyalgia,differential diagnosis,diagnóstico,fibromialgia,diagnóstico diferencial

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