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      Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis

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          Abstract

          Arlequin ver 3.0 is a software package integrating several basic and advanced methods for population genetics data analysis, like the computation of standard genetic diversity indices, the estimation of allele and haplotype frequencies, tests of departure from linkage equilibrium, departure from selective neutrality and demographic equilibrium, estimation or parameters from past population expansions, and thorough analyses of population subdivision under the AMOVA framework. Arlequin 3 introduces a completely new graphical interface written in C++, a more robust semantic analysis of input files, and two new methods: a Bayesian estimation of gametic phase from multi-locus genotypes, and an estimation of the parameters of an instantaneous spatial expansion from DNA sequence polymorphism. Arlequin can handle several data types like DNA sequences, microsatellite data, or standard multi-locus genotypes. A Windows version of the software is freely available on http://cmpg.unibe.ch/software/arlequin3.

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          Most cited references31

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          DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods.

          DnaSP is a software package for the analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Present version introduces several new modules and features which, among other options allow: (1) handling big data sets (approximately 5 Mb per sequence); (2) conducting a large number of coalescent-based tests by Monte Carlo computer simulations; (3) extensive analyses of the genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations; (4) analysing the evolutionary pattern of preferred and unpreferred codons; (5) generating graphical outputs for an easy visualization of results. The software package, including complete documentation and examples, is freely available to academic users from: http://www.ub.es/dnasp
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            Maximum-likelihood estimation of molecular haplotype frequencies in a diploid population.

            Molecular techniques allow the survey of a large number of linked polymorphic loci in random samples from diploid populations. However, the gametic phase of haplotypes is usually unknown when diploid individuals are heterozygous at more than one locus. To overcome this difficulty, we implement an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm leading to maximum-likelihood estimates of molecular haplotype frequencies under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg proportions. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated for simulated data representing both DNA sequences and highly polymorphic loci with different levels of recombination. As expected, the EM algorithm is found to perform best for large samples, regardless of recombination rates among loci. To ensure finding the global maximum likelihood estimate, the EM algorithm should be started from several initial conditions. The present approach appears to be useful for the analysis of nuclear DNA sequences or highly variable loci. Although the algorithm, in principle, can accommodate an arbitrary number of loci, there are practical limitations because the computing time grows exponentially with the number of polymorphic loci. Although the algorithm, in principle, can accommodate an arbitrary number of loci, there are practical limitations because the computing time grows exponentially with the number of polymorphic loci.
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              Gametic disequilibrium measures: proceed with caution.

              Five different measures of gametic disequilibrium in current use and a new one based on R. C. Lewontin's D', are examined and compared. All of them, except the measure based on Lewontin's D', are highly dependent upon allelic frequencies, including four measures that are normalized in some manner. In addition, the measures suggested by A. H. D. Brown, M. F. Feldman and E. Nevo, and T. Ohta can have negative values when there is maximum disequilibrium and have rates of decay in infinite populations that are a function of the initial gametic array. The variances were large for all the measures in samples taken from populations at equilibrium under neutrality, with the measure based on D' having the lowest variance. In these samples, three of the measures were highly correlated, D2, D (equal to the correlation coefficient when there are two alleles at each locus) and the measure X(2) of Brown et al. Using frequency-dependent measures may result in mistaken conclusions, a fact illustrated by discussion of studies inferring recombinational hot spots and the effects of population bottlenecks from disequilibrium values.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Evol Bioinform Online
                101256319
                Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online
                Libertas Academica
                1176-9343
                23 February 2007
                2005
                : 1
                : 47-50
                Affiliations
                Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab, Zoological Institute, University of Berne, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Laurent Excoffier, Tel: +41 31 631 30 31, Fax: +41 31 631 48 88, Email: laurent.excoffier@ 123456zoo.unibe.ch
                Article
                ebo-01-47
                10.1177/117693430500100003
                2658868
                19325852
                e4c30b86-d3fc-46d3-8a00-ddedae105a02
                Copyright © 2005 The authors.

                This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution By licence. For further information go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0.

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                Categories
                Application Note

                Bioinformatics & Computational biology
                computer package,gametic phase estimation,amova,genetic data analysis,spatial expansion,em algorithm,population genetics

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