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      Does sperm quality and DNA integrity differ in cryopreserved semen samples from young, adult, and aged Nellore bulls?

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          Abstract

          Background

          In humans, it is now well documented that rising paternal age is correlated with decreased sperm DNA integrity and embryonic developmental failures. On the other side of the coin, it is also reported that very young fathers such as teenagers carry an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. These observations suggest that, at least in humans, there is an age window for optimal sperm DNA integrity. In bovine, little is known about sperm DNA quality in young bulls and how it evolves with age. This study aimed to fill in this gap as it may be of importance for the bovine industry to know when exactly a bull is an optimal performer for reproductive programs.

          Methods

          Forty Nellore bulls were divided into three age groups: 1.8 to 2 years – young bulls; 3.5 to 7 years – adult bulls; and 8 to 14.3 years – aged bulls. Three ejaculates were collected from each bull, cryopreserved and evaluated for various parameters including: computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial potential, sperm nuclear protamination, DNA oxidative damage, and Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA).

          Results

          We report here that young bulls presented superior values for motility, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, and high mitochondrial potential. However, they also presented higher values for sperm morphological abnormalities compared to adult and aged animal groups ( p < 0.05). In addition, young bulls exhibited more defective protamination than older animals did. The oldest bulls showed more nuclear oxidative damage than the younger groups of bulls while both the young and aged groups were found more susceptible to DNA denaturation as revealed with the SCSA test ( p < 0.05).

          Conclusion

          These results indicate that young bulls spermatozoa best survived the freezing procedure, followed by adult and aged bulls. However, young and aged bulls were found to be more susceptible to DNA damage, respectively caused by protamine deficiency and oxidation. Therefore, although young bulls have correct semen parameters according to classical evaluation, our results indicate that they may show some structural nuclear immaturity.

          Abstrait

          Contexte

          Chez l’homme, de nombreuses données indiquent maintenant que l’avancée de l’âge du père est associée à une réduction de l’intégrité de l’ADN des spermatozoïdes et aux échecs de développement embryonnaire. D’un autre côté, il est aussi rapporté que les jeunes pères, tels les adolescents, sont porteurs d’un risque accru d’issue défavorable de la grossesse. Ces observations suggèrent que, au moins chez l’humain, il existe une tranche d’âge dans laquelle l’intégrité de l’ADN des spermatozoïdes est optimale. Chez les bovins, on dispose de peu de connaissances sur la qualité de l’ADN des spermatozoïdes des jeunes taureaux et sur son mode d’évolution avec l’âge. La présente étude a pour but de combler ce manque car il peut être important, pour l’industrie bovine, de savoir à quelle période précise un taureau est un reproducteur optimal pour les programmes de reproduction.

          Matériel et méthodes

          Quarante taureaux Nellore ont été répartis en trois groupes d’âge: 1, 8 à 2 ans – jeunes taureaux; 3,5 à 7 ans – taureaux adultes; et 8 à 14,3 ans – taureaux âgés. Trois éjaculats ont été collectés par taureau, cryopréservés et évalués pour différents paramètres incluant l’analyse assistée du sperme par ordinateur (CASA), l’intégrité des membranes plasmique et acrosomique, le potentiel mitochondrial, la protamination du noyau, l’altération oxydative de l’ADN et l’évaluation de la structure de la chromatine du noyau du spermatozoïde (SCSA).

          Résultats

          Nous rapportons ici que les jeunes taureaux présentent des valeurs supérieures de la mobilité des spermatozoïdes et de l’intégrité des membranes plasmique et acrosomique, ainsi qu’un potentiel mitochondrial élevé. Cependant, les jeunes taureaux présentent aussi des valeurs plus élevées d’anomalies morphologiques des spermatozoïdes que celles des groupes adulte et âgé ( p < 0.05). De plus, les jeunes taureaux ont une protamination plus défectueuse que celle des taureaux plus âgés. Les taureaux les plus âgés présentent plus d’altérations oxydatives du noyau que les jeunes taureaux alors que les deux groupes -jeunes et âgés- sont plus susceptibles d’avoir une dénaturation de l’ADN nucléaire comme indiqué par le SCSA ( p < 0.05).

          Conclusions

          Ces résultats indiquent que les spermatozoïdes des jeunes taureaux survivent le mieux au processus de congélation, suivis par les adultes puis les âgés. Toutefois, les jeunes taureaux et les âgés sont plus susceptibles d’avoir une altération de l’ADN, causée respectivement par une protamination déficiente et une oxydation. Par conséquent, bien que les jeunes taureaux aient des paramètres spermatiques corrects à l’évaluation classique, nos résultats indiquent que leurs spermatozoïdes peuvent présenter un certain degré d’immaturité structurale nucléaire.

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          Most cited references38

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          Biostatistical Analysis

          Zar's Biostatistical Analysis, Fifth Edition , is the ideal book for readers seeking practical coverage of statistical analysis methods used by researchers to collect, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions from biological research. The latest edition of this best-selling textbook is both comprehensive and easy to read. It is suitable as an introduction for beginners and as a comprehensive reference book for biological researchers and other advanced users. Introduction; Populations and Samples; Measures of Central Tendency; Measures of Dispersion and Variability; Probabilities; The Normal Distribution; One-Sample Hypotheses; Two-Sample Hypotheses; Paired-Sample Hypotheses; Multisample Hypotheses: The Analysis of Variance; Multiple Comparisons; Two-Factor Analysis of Variance; Data Transformations; Multiway Factorial Analysis of Variance; Nested (Hierarchical) Analysis of Variance; Multivariate Analysis of Variance; Simple Linear Regression; Comparing Simple Linear Regression Equations; Simple Linear Correlation; Multiple Regression and Correlation; Polynomial Regression; Testing for Goodness of Fit; Contingency Tables; More on Dichotomous Variables; Testing for Randomness; Circular Distributions: Descriptive Statistics; Circular Distributions: Hypothesis Testing For all readers interested in biostatistics.
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            On the possible origins of DNA damage in human spermatozoa.

            DNA damage in the male germ line has been linked with a variety of adverse clinical outcomes including impaired fertility, an increased incidence of miscarriage and an enhanced risk of disease in the offspring. The origins of this DNA damage could, in principle, involve: (i) abortive apoptosis initiated post meiotically when the ability to drive this process to completion is in decline (ii) unresolved strand breaks created during spermiogenesis to relieve the torsional stresses associated with chromatin remodelling and (iii) oxidative stress. In this article, we present a two-step hypothesis for the origins of DNA damage in human spermatozoa that highlights the significance of oxidative stress acting on vulnerable, poorly protaminated cells generated as a result of defective spermiogenesis. We further propose that these defective cells are characterized by several hallmarks of 'dysmaturity' including the retention of excess residual cytoplasm, persistent nuclear histones, poor zona binding and disrupted chaperone content. The oxidative stress experienced by these cells may originate from infiltrating leukocytes or, possibly, the entry of spermatozoa into an apoptosis-like cascade characterized by the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species. This oxidative stress may be exacerbated by a decline in local antioxidant protection, particularly during epididymal maturation. Finally, if oxidative stress is a major cause of sperm DNA damage then antioxidants should have an important therapeutic role to play in the clinical management of male infertility. Carefully controlled studies are now needed to critically examine this possibility.
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              Utility of the sperm chromatin structure assay as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in the human fertility clinic.

              The sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) was used to measure over 500 human semen samples from two independent studies: Study I, 402 samples from 165 presumably fertile couples wishing to achieve pregnancy over 12 menstrual cycles; Study II, samples from 115 patients seeking fertility counselling. The SCSA measures susceptibility to DNA denaturation in situ in spermatozoa exposed to acid for 30 s, followed by acridine orange staining. SCSA data from the male partners of 73 couples (group 1) achieving pregnancy during months 1-3 of Study I were used as the standard of 'sperm chromatin compatible with high fertility' and were significantly different from those of 40 couples (group 3) achieving pregnancy in months 4-12 (P or = 30% COMP alpha t, a threshold level considered not compatible with good fertility. Using selected cut-off values for chromatin integrity, the SCSA data predicted seven of 18 miscarriages (39%).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +5519981283602 , janababel@hotmail.com
                juliane.t.teramachi@hotmail.com
                isadoraresende@hotmail.com
                brunakipper@hotmail.com
                luciarodrigues.vet@gmail.com
                carlos.silva@crvlagoa.com.br
                shvperri@fmva.unesp.br
                joel.drevet@univ-bpclermont.fr
                koivisto@fmva.unesp.br
                Journal
                Basic Clin Androl
                Basic Clin Androl
                Basic and Clinical Andrology
                BioMed Central (London )
                2051-4190
                21 June 2017
                21 June 2017
                2017
                : 27
                : 12
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0370 1822, GRID grid.462191.9, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, , IFMG, ; 05, Fazenda Varginha, Estrada Bambuí-Medeiros, Km 05, CEP38900-000 Bambuí, Minas Gerais Brazil
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2188 478X, GRID grid.410543.7, FMVA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, ; São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
                [3 ]CRVLagoa, Sertãozinho, Brazil
                [4 ]GReD Laboratory, CNRS UMR6293 – INSERM U1103 – Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
                Article
                56
                10.1186/s12610-017-0056-9
                5479005
                28649382
                e47f5907-ae65-4ec8-89a1-adf94c97bf29
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 28 December 2016
                : 2 May 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;
                Award ID: 2010/07599-7
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior;
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                sperm dna,age,nellore,scsa,cma3,8-ohdg,adn spermatozoïdaire
                sperm dna, age, nellore, scsa, cma3, 8-ohdg, adn spermatozoïdaire

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