Cardiorespiratory Functioning in Youth with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: A Pilot Study

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Abstract

Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) may play an important role in the development and maintenance of persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Post-injury breathing dysfunction, which is influenced by the ANS, has not been well-studied in youth. This study evaluated cardiorespiratory functioning at baseline in youth patients with PPCS and examined the relationship of cardiorespiratory variables with neurobehavioral outcomes. Participants were between the ages of 13–25 in two groups: (1) Patients with PPCS (concussion within the past 2–16 months; n = 13) and (2) non-injured controls ( n = 12). Capnometry was used to obtain end-tidal CO ₂ (EtCO ₂), oxygen saturation (SaO ₂), respiration rate (RR), and pulse rate (PR) at seated rest. PPCS participants exhibited a reduced mean value of EtCO ₂ in exhaled breath (M = 36.3 mmHg, SD = 2.86 mmHg) and an altered inter-correlation between EtCO ₂ and RR compared to controls. Neurobehavioral outcomes including depression, severity of self-reported concussion symptoms, cognitive catastrophizing, and psychomotor processing speed were correlated with cardiorespiratory variables when the groups were combined. Overall, results from this study suggest that breathing dynamics may be altered in youth with PPCS and that cardiorespiratory outcomes could be related to a dimension of neurobehavioral outcomes associated with poorer recovery from concussion.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Robert C. Cantu: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Clin Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Clin Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): jcm

Title: Journal of Clinical Medicine

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2077-0383

Publication date (Electronic): 03 February 2021

Publication date Collection: February 2021

Volume: 10

Issue: 4

Electronic Location Identifier: 561

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; tbabikian@ 123456mednet.ucla.edu (T.B.); rasarnow@ 123456mednet.ucla.edu (R.A.)

[2 ]UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; casherid@ 123456wakehealth.edu (C.S.); kbickart@ 123456mednet.ucla.edu (K.B.); mchoe@ 123456mednet.ucla.edu (M.C.); cgiza@ 123456mednet.ucla.edu (C.G.)

[3 ]Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA

[4 ]Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; tannera@ 123456ucla.edu (A.T.); craske@ 123456psych.ucla.edu (M.C.)

[5 ]Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

[6 ]Department of Psychiatry, Psychology Service, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; msullan@ 123456health.ucsd.edu

[7 ]VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA

[8 ]UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

[9 ]Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

[10 ]Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: asnyder@ 123456mednet.ucla.edu

Article

Publisher ID: jcm-10-00561

DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040561

PMC ID: 7913264

PubMed ID: 33546148

SO-VID: e3b6bf9d-79cc-4fd1-8362-ffbb3eb0a530

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 16 December 2020

Date accepted : 30 January 2021

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