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      The Case for Adopting the “Species Complex” Nomenclature for the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis

      discussion
      Author(s): a , , a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , a , i , j , k , l , m , n , g , a , o , p , q , r , a , s , t , u , v , w , d , x , y , a , z , aa , bb
      Editor(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: mSphere
      Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
      Keywords: Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus neoformans, clade, genetic diversity, new nomenclature, species complex

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          ABSTRACT

          Cryptococcosis is a potentially lethal disease of humans/animals caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Distinction between the two species is based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Recently, it was proposed that C. neoformans be divided into two species and C. gattii into five species based on a phylogenetic analysis of 115 isolates. While this proposal adds to the knowledge about the genetic diversity and population structure of cryptococcosis agents, the published genotypes of 2,606 strains have already revealed more genetic diversity than is encompassed by seven species. Naming every clade as a separate species at this juncture will lead to continuing nomenclatural instability. In the absence of biological differences between clades and no consensus about how DNA sequence alone can delineate a species, we recommend using “ Cryptococcus neoformans species complex” and “ C. gattii species complex” as a practical intermediate step, rather than creating more species. This strategy recognizes genetic diversity without creating confusion.

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          The Evolutionary Species Concept Reconsidered

          E. Wiley (1978)
          Article 0 comments Cited 212 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            AN AMPLIFICATION OF THE PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT

            Kevin Nixon, Quentin D. Wheeler (1990)
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              Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans.

              Teun Boekhout, Bart Theelen, Mara Diaz … (2001)
              Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping of isolates of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans suggested a considerable genetic divergence between the varieties C. neoformans var. neoformans and C. neoformans var. grubii on the one hand versus C. neoformans var. gattii on the other. This divergence is supported by additional phenotypic, biochemical, clinical and molecular differences. Therefore, the authors propose the existence of two species, C. neoformans (Sanfelice) Vuillemin and C. bacillisporus Kwon-Chung, which differ in geographical distribution, serotypes and ecological origin. Within each species three AFLP genotypes occur, which differ in geographical distribution and serotypes. Differences in ecological origin (AIDS patients, non-AIDS patients, animals or the environment) were found to be statistically not significant. In C. neoformans as well as in C. bacillisporus one of the genotypes represented a hybrid. The occurrence of hybridization has consequences for the reproductive biology of the species, as new genotypes with altered virulence or susceptibility to antifungal drugs may arise through the exchange of genetic material.
              Article 0 comments Cited 89 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Michael Lorenz: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): mSphere
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): mSphere
                Journal ID (hwp): msph
                Journal ID (pmc): msph
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mSphere
                Title: mSphere
                Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2379-5042
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 January 2017
                Publication date Collection: Jan-Feb 2017
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00357-16
                Affiliations
                [a ]Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
                [b ]University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
                [c ]Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
                [d ]Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
                [e ]Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
                [f ]Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
                [g ]Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
                [h ]Colombia Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
                [i ]Mycology Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
                [j ]Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
                [k ]Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, Paris, France
                [l ]School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
                [m ]Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
                [n ]Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
                [o ]Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
                [p ]Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
                [q ]Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [r ]Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
                [s ]Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
                [t ]Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                [u ]Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
                [v ]Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
                [w ]Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
                [x ]Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
                [y ]Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
                [z ]Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
                [aa ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
                [bb ]Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
                University of Texas Health Science Center
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Kyung J. Kwon-Chung, june_kwon-chung@ 123456nih.gov .

                Citation Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE, Wickes BL, Meyer W, Cuomo CA, Wollenburg KR, Bicanic TA, Castañeda E, Chang YC, Chen J, Cogliati M, Dromer F, Ellis D, Filler SG, Fisher MC, Harrison TS, Holland SM, Kohno S, Kronstad JW, Lazera M, Levitz SM, Lionakis MS, May RC, Ngamskulrongroj P, Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Rickerts V, Sorrell TC, Walsh TJ, Williamson PR, Xu J, Zelazny AM, Casadevall A. 2017. The case for adopting the “species complex” nomenclature for the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. mSphere 2:e00357-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00357-16.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5778-960X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1862-6402
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5364-1838
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2915-2780
                Article
                Publisher ID: mSphere00357-16
                DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00357-16
                PMC ID: 5227069
                PubMed ID: 28101535
                SO-VID: e3136e5c-e6d9-4d2c-99f0-0b986fec3abe
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Kwon-Chung et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7, Words: 4578
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective
                Subject: Clinical Science and Epidemiology
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January/February 2017

                Keywords: cryptococcosis,cryptococcus gattii,cryptococcus neoformans,clade,genetic diversity,new nomenclature,species complex
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cryptococcosis, cryptococcus gattii, cryptococcus neoformans, clade, genetic diversity, new nomenclature, species complex

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