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      Emergency medical systems in low- and middle-income countries: recommendations for action Translated title: Recommandations en vue d'une intervention pour améliorer les systèmes d'urgences médicales des pays à revenus faibles et moyens Translated title: Las urgencias médicas en los países de ingresos bajos y medios: recomendaciones para la acción

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      Bulletin of the World Health Organization
      World Health Organization
      Servicios médicos de urgencia, Tratamiento de urgencia, Triaje, Transporte de pacientes, Técnicos medios en salud, Análisis de costo-beneficio, Medicina basada en evidencia, Países en desarrollo, Service médical urgences, Traitement urgence, Orientation patients, Transport sanitaire, Personnel santé auxiliaire, Analyse coût bénéfice, Médecine factuelle, Pays en développement, Emergency medical services, Emergency treatment, Triage, Transportation of patients, Allied health personnel, Cost-benefit analysis, Evidence-based medicine, Developing countries

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          Abstract

          Emergency medical care is not a luxury for rich countries or rich individuals in poor countries. This paper makes the point that emergency care can make an important contribution to reducing avoidable death and disability in low- and middle-income countries. But emergency care needs to be planned well and supported at all levels - at the national, provincial and community levels - and take into account the entire spectrum of care, from the occurrence of an acute medical event in the community to the provision of appropriate care at the hospital. The mix of personnel, materials, and health-system infrastructure can be tailored to optimize the provision of emergency care in settings with different levels of resource availability. The misconception that emergency care cannot be cost effective in low-income settings is demonstrably inaccurate. Emergencies occur everywhere, and each day they consume resources regardless of whether there are systems capable of achieving good outcomes. With better planning, the ongoing costs of emergency care can result in better outcomes and better cost-effectiveness. Every country and community can and should provide emergency care regardless of their place in the ratings of developmental indices. We make the case for universal access to emergency care and lay out a research agenda to fill the gaps in knowledge in emergency care.

          Translated abstract

          Les urgences médicales ne sont pas un luxe pour pays riches ou pour habitants privilégiés d’un pays pauvre. Le présent article fait observer que les soins d'urgence peuvent contribuer de manière importante à la réduction du nombre de décès et de cas d'invalidité évitables dans les pays à revenus faibles et moyens. Les soins d'urgence exigent cependant une planification rigoureuse et un soutien à tous les niveaux, que ce soit celui du pays, de la province ou de la communauté. Ils doivent également offrir une gamme complète de services, allant de la prise en charge d'un événement médical aigu survenant dans la communauté à l'apport de soins appropriés dans le cadre hospitalier. Il est possible d'ajuster le dosage des moyens en termes de personnel, de matériel et d'infrastructures sanitaires de façon à optimiser la délivrance des soins d'urgences dans des pays disposant de différents niveaux de ressources. L'article parvient à démontrer l'inexactitude d'une conception répandue selon laquelle les services d'urgences des pays à faibles revenus ne peuvent être efficaces sur le plan économique. Des situations d'urgence interviennent partout et sont chaque jour consommatrices de ressources, indépendamment de la capacité des systèmes à obtenir de bons résultats. Moyennant une planification plus stricte, les coûts actuels des soins d'urgence pourraient permettre d'atteindre de meilleurs résultats et une plus grande efficacité sur le plan économique. Chaque pays ou communauté pourrait et devrait dispenser des soins d'urgence indépendamment de son degré de développement. L'article plaide en faveur d'un accès universel aux soins d'urgence et présente un programme de recherche visant à combler les lacunes de connaissances dans le domaine des soins d'urgence.

          Translated abstract

          La atención médica de urgencia no es un lujo para los países ricos o las personas ricas de los países pobres. Antes bien, como se señala en este artículo, la atención de urgencia puede contribuir considerablemente a reducir las discapacidades y las defunciones evitables en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Pero la atención de urgencia se ha de planificar bien, tiene que contar con apoyo a todos los niveles -nacional, provincial y comunitario-, y debe tener en cuenta todo el espectro asistencial, desde la aparición de un evento médico agudo en la comunidad hasta la prestación de la atención apropiada en el hospital. La combinación de personal, material e infraestructura sanitaria puede adaptarse para optimizar la dispensación de atención de urgencia en entornos con distintos niveles de disponibilidad de recursos. La idea de que la atención de urgencia no puede ser costoeficaz en los entornos de bajos ingresos es, como puede demostrarse, errónea. Se producen urgencias en todas partes, y esas urgencias consumen cada día recursos haya o no haya sistemas capaces de conseguir buenos resultados. Con una mejor planificación, los costos de la atención de urgencia pueden traducirse en mejores resultados y en una mayor costoeficacia. Cada país y cada comunidad puede y debe proporcionar atención de urgencia independientemente de cuál sea su índice de desarrollo. Ofrecemos argumentos a favor del acceso universal a la atención de urgencia y presentamos una agenda de investigaciones para llenar los vacíos existentes en los conocimientos sobre ese tipo de atención.

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          Most cited references75

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          Rural prehospital trauma systems improve trauma outcome in low-income countries: a prospective study from North Iraq and Cambodia.

          A five-year prospective study was conducted in North Iraq and Cambodia to test a model for rural prehospital trauma systems in low-income countries. From 1997 to 2001, 135 local paramedics and 5,200 lay First Responders were trained to provide in-field trauma care. The study population comprised 1,061 trauma victims with mean evacuation time 5.7 hours. The trauma mortality rate was reduced from pre-intervention level at 40% to 14.9% over the study period (95% CI for difference 17.2-33.0%). There was a reduction in trauma deaths from 23.9% in 1997 to 8.8% in 2001 (95% CI for difference 7.8-22.4%), and a corresponding significant improvement of treatment effect by year. The rate of infectious complications remained at 21.5 percent throughout the study period. Low-cost rural trauma systems have a significant impact on trauma mortality in low-income countries.
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            Citywide trauma experience in Kampala, Uganda: a call for intervention.

            To describe injuries and their emergency care at five city hospitals. Data were collected between January and December 1998 from casualty departments of the five largest hospitals of Kampala city, Uganda, with bed capacity ranging from 60 to 1200. Registry forms were completed on trauma patients. All patients with injuries were eligible. Outcome at two weeks was determined for admitted patients. Of the 4359 injury patients, 73% were males. Their mean age was 24.2 years, range 0.1-89, and a 5-95 centile of 5-50 years. Patients with injuries were 7% of all patients seen. Traffic crashes caused 50% of injuries, and were the leading cause for patients > or = 10 years. Fifty eight per cent of injuries occurred on the road, 29% at home, and 4% in a public building. Falls, assaults, and burns were the main causes in homes. Fourteen per cent of injuries were intentional. Injuries were severe in 24% as determined with the Kampala trauma score. One third of patients were admitted; two thirds arrived at the hospital within 30 minutes of injury, and 92% were attended within 20 minutes of arrival. Injuries in Kampala are an important public health problem, predominantly in young adult males, mostly due to traffic. The majority of injuries are unintentional. Hospital response is rapid, but the majority of injuries are minor. Without pre-hospital care, it is likely that patients with serious injuries die before they access care. Preventive measures and a pre-hospital emergency service are urgently needed.
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              Improvements in prehospital trauma care in an African country with no formal emergency medical services.

              A large proportion of trauma patients in developing countries do not have access to formal Emergency Medical Services. We sought to assess the efficacy of a program that builds on the existing, although informal, system of prehospital transport in Ghana. In that country, the majority of injured persons are transported to the hospital by some type of commercial vehicle, such as a taxi or bus. A total of 335 commercial drivers were trained using a 6-hour basic first aid course. The efficacy of this course was assessed by comparing the process of prehospital trauma care provided before versus after the course, as determined by self-report from the drivers. Follow-up interviews were conducted on 71 of the drivers a mean of 10.6 months after the course. Sixty-one percent indicated that they had provided first aid since taking the course. There was considerable improvement in the provision of the components of first aid in comparison to what was reported before the course: crash scene management (7% before vs. 35% after), airway management (2% vs. 35%), external bleeding control (4% vs. 42%), and splinting of injured extremities (1 vs. 16%). Even in the absence of formal Emergency Medical Services, improvements in the process of prehospital trauma care are possible by building on existing, although informal, patterns of prehospital transport.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                August 2005
                : 83
                : 8
                : 626-631
                Affiliations
                [02] Baltimore MD orgnameJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health USA
                [04] Guanajuato orgnameCentro de Capacitación de Tecnología en Emergencias Médicas orgdiv1Sistema de Urgencias del Estado de Guanajuato Mexico
                [06] Ahmedabad orgnameAcademy of Traumatology India
                [03] Baltimore MD orgnameJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health orgdiv1Department of Population and Family Health Sciences USA
                [05] Seattle WA orgnameHarborview Medical Center orgdiv1Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center USA
                [01] orgnameWHO Regional Office for Africa orgdiv1Disability, Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Republic of the Congo kobusingyeo@ 123456afro.who.int
                Article
                S0042-96862005000800017 S0042-9686(05)08300817
                e29b27e1-8792-4fbd-a0a9-651f52367cbe

                History
                : 18 December 2004
                : 13 April 2005
                : 16 April 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Policy and Practice

                Developing countries,Evidence-based medicine,Cost-benefit analysis,Allied health personnel,Transportation of patients,Triage,Emergency treatment,Emergency medical services,Pays en développement,Médecine factuelle,Analyse coût bénéfice,Personnel santé auxiliaire,Transport sanitaire,Orientation patients,Traitement urgence,Service médical urgences,Países en desarrollo,Medicina basada en evidencia,Análisis de costo-beneficio,Técnicos medios en salud,Transporte de pacientes,Triaje,Tratamiento de urgencia,Servicios médicos de urgencia

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