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      Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation

      research-article
      1 , 2 , , 1 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 5 , 1 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 3 , 10 , 11 , 3 , 4 , 12 , 2 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 3 , 50 , 51
      Nature Ecology & Evolution
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Macroecology, Biogeography, Ecophysiology, Plant ecology

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Plant functional traits can predict community assembly and ecosystem functioning and are thus widely used in global models of vegetation dynamics and land–climate feedbacks. Still, we lack a global understanding of how land and climate affect plant traits. A previous global analysis of six traits observed two main axes of variation: (1) size variation at the organ and plant level and (2) leaf economics balancing leaf persistence against plant growth potential. The orthogonality of these two axes suggests they are differently influenced by environmental drivers. We find that these axes persist in a global dataset of 17 traits across more than 20,000 species. We find a dominant joint effect of climate and soil on trait variation. Additional independent climate effects are also observed across most traits, whereas independent soil effects are almost exclusively observed for economics traits. Variation in size traits correlates well with a latitudinal gradient related to water or energy limitation. In contrast, variation in economics traits is better explained by interactions of climate with soil fertility. These findings have the potential to improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and our predictions of climate change impacts on biogeochemical cycles.

          Abstract

          The authors investigate the broad-scale climatological and soil properties that co-vary with major axes of plant functional traits. They find that variation in plant size is attributed to latitudinal gradients in water or energy limitation, while variation in leaf economics traits is attributed to both climate and soil fertility including their interaction.

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          Most cited references311

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          Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent

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            FactoMineR: AnRPackage for Multivariate Analysis

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              The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities.

              For centuries, biologists have studied patterns of plant and animal diversity at continental scales. Until recently, similar studies were impossible for microorganisms, arguably the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth. Here, we present a continental-scale description of soil bacterial communities and the environmental factors influencing their biodiversity. We collected 98 soil samples from across North and South America and used a ribosomal DNA-fingerprinting method to compare bacterial community composition and diversity quantitatively across sites. Bacterial diversity was unrelated to site temperature, latitude, and other variables that typically predict plant and animal diversity, and community composition was largely independent of geographic distance. The diversity and richness of soil bacterial communities differed by ecosystem type, and these differences could largely be explained by soil pH (r(2) = 0.70 and r(2) = 0.58, respectively; P < 0.0001 in both cases). Bacterial diversity was highest in neutral soils and lower in acidic soils, with soils from the Peruvian Amazon the most acidic and least diverse in our study. Our results suggest that microbial biogeography is controlled primarily by edaphic variables and differs fundamentally from the biogeography of "macro" organisms.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                juliajoswigjj@gmail.com
                Journal
                Nat Ecol Evol
                Nat Ecol Evol
                Nature Ecology & Evolution
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2397-334X
                23 December 2021
                23 December 2021
                2022
                : 6
                : 1
                : 36-50
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.419500.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0491 7318, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, ; Jena, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.7400.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0650, Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, , University of Zurich, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [3 ]GRID grid.9647.c, ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), ; Leipzig, Germany
                [4 ]GRID grid.9647.c, ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, Institute of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, , University of Leipzig, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [5 ]GRID grid.7400.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0650, Department of Chemistry, , University of Zurich, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [6 ]GRID grid.411595.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2105 7207, Escuela de Biología, , Universidad Industrial de Santander, ; Bucaramanga, Colombia
                [7 ]GRID grid.1004.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2158 5405, Department of Biological Sciences, , Macquarie University, ; Sydney, New South Wales Australia
                [8 ]GRID grid.5801.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2156 2780, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, , ETH Zurich, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [9 ]GRID grid.454322.6, ISNI 0000 0004 4910 9859, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, ; Oslo, Norway
                [10 ]GRID grid.9647.c, ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, Department of Economics, , University of Leipzig, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [11 ]GRID grid.438006.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2296 9689, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, ; Ancón, Panama
                [12 ]GRID grid.9647.c, ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, , Institute for Geography, University of Leipzig, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [13 ]GRID grid.5132.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2312 1970, Environmental Biology Department, , Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, ; Leiden, the Netherlands
                [14 ]GRID grid.12380.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1754 9227, Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, , Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [15 ]GRID grid.10692.3c, ISNI 0000 0001 0115 2557, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and FCEFyN, , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, ; Córdoba, Argentina
                [16 ]Global Systems and Analytics, Nova Pioneer, Johannesburg, South Africa
                [17 ]GRID grid.4818.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, Chairgroup Forest Ecology and Forest Management, , Wageningen University, ; Wageningen, the Netherlands
                [18 ]Land Life Company, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [19 ]GRID grid.425948.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2159 802X, Research Group Functional Traits, , Naturalis Biodiversity Center, ; Leiden, the Netherlands
                [20 ]GRID grid.5132.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2312 1970, Plant Sciences, , Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, ; Leiden, the Netherlands
                [21 ]GRID grid.16697.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 0671 1127, Estonian University of Life Sciences, ; Tartu, Estonia
                [22 ]GRID grid.17635.36, ISNI 0000000419368657, Department of Forest Resources, , University of Minnesota, ; St Paul, MN USA
                [23 ]GRID grid.1029.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, , Western Sydney University, ; Penrith, New South Wales Australia
                [24 ]GRID grid.214458.e, ISNI 0000000086837370, Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, , University of Michigan, ; Ann Arbor, MI USA
                [25 ]GRID grid.9613.d, ISNI 0000 0001 1939 2794, Department of Plant Biodiversity, , Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich-Schiller University, ; Jena, Germany
                [26 ]GRID grid.4563.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8868, School of Geography, , University of Nottingham, ; Nottingham, UK
                [27 ]GRID grid.34429.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8198, School of Environmental Sciences, , University of Guelph, ; Guelph, Canada
                [28 ]GRID grid.5771.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 8122, Department of Ecology, , University of Innsbruck, ; Innsbruck, Austria
                [29 ]GRID grid.252211.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2299 2686, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, , Andong National University, ; Andong, Korea
                [30 ]GRID grid.5602.1, ISNI 0000 0000 9745 6549, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, , School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, ; Camerino, Italy
                [31 ]GRID grid.18147.3b, ISNI 0000000121724807, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences (DBSV), , University of Insubria, ; Varese, Italy
                [32 ]Jonah Ventures LLC, Boulder, CO USA
                [33 ]GRID grid.412191.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2205 5940, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, , Universidad del Rosario, ; Bogotá, Colombia
                [34 ]GRID grid.443909.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0385 4466, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, , Universidad de Chile, ; Santiago, Chile
                [35 ]GRID grid.1032.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0375 4078, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, , Curtin University, ; Perth, Western Australia Australia
                [36 ]GRID grid.1025.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0436 6763, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, , Murdoch University, ; Murdoch, Western Australia Australia
                [37 ]GRID grid.412287.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2150 7271, Department of Forestry, , Universidade do Estado de Santa, Catarina, ; Lages, Brazil
                [38 ]GRID grid.508391.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0622 9359, INRAE University Bordeaux, BIOGECO, ; Cestas, France
                [39 ]GRID grid.19006.3e, ISNI 0000 0000 9632 6718, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, , University of California, ; Los Angeles, CA USA
                [40 ]GRID grid.8767.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2290 8069, Department of Biology, , Vrije Universiteit Brussel, ; Brussels, Belgium
                [41 ]GRID grid.5560.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1009 3608, Landscape Ecology Group, , Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, ; Oldenburg, Germany
                [42 ]GRID grid.14476.30, ISNI 0000 0001 2342 9668, Department of Ecology and Plant Geography, , Moscow State Lomonosov University, ; Moscow, Russia
                [43 ]GRID grid.4711.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 4846, CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, ; Bellaterra, Spain
                [44 ]GRID grid.452388.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0722 403X, CREAF, ; Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
                [45 ]GRID grid.8532.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2200 7498, Department of Ecology, , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ; Porto Alegre, Brazil
                [46 ]GRID grid.460200.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0541 873X, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, ; Brasília, Brazil
                [47 ]GRID grid.12155.32, ISNI 0000 0001 0604 5662, Centre for Environmental Sciences, , Hasselt University, ; Diepenbeek, Belgium
                [48 ]GRID grid.5132.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2312 1970, Institute of Environmental Sciences, , Leiden University, ; Leiden, the Netherlands
                [49 ]GRID grid.267460.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 2494, Department of Biology, , University of Wisconsin, ; Eau Claire, WI USA
                [50 ]GRID grid.9647.c, ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, , University of Leipzig, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [51 ]GRID grid.7492.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0492 3830, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, ; Leipzig, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7786-1728
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-8056
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-3534
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-8469
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-9143
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-4458
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2371-4172
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8728-7918
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-9565
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-4500
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-4612
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-5137
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1402-2775
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5001-0149
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-2192
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-1112
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3471-0951
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-8872
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-9776
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3209-3275
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6126-522X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-0733
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6561-3244
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8928-3198
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3855-555X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-1171
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7215-0150
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-2891
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-9474
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5375-9964
                Article
                1616
                10.1038/s41559-021-01616-8
                8752441
                34949824
                e200ddc2-edfd-47db-93ed-f1cd4f2ad9fb
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 21 January 2021
                : 10 November 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100010661, EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020);
                Award ID: 640176
                Award ID: 640176
                Award ID: 640176
                Award ID: EU-FP7-KBBE
                Award ID: 640176
                Award ID: 640176
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100008483, NOMIS Stiftung (NOMIS Foundation);
                Funded by: NOMIS grant Remotely Sensing Ecological Genomics to M. Schaepman
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004189, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (Max Planck Society);
                Funded by: C. Wirth acknowledges the support of the Max Planck Society via its fellowship programme.
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000923, Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC);
                Award ID: DP170103410
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation);
                Award ID: RU 1536/3-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100007729, Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs);
                Award ID: KKB-29-009-003
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: The trait data supplied was co-funded by the EU-FP7-KBBE project: BACCARA - Biodiversity and climate change, a risk analysis (Project ID: 226299)
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003725, National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF);
                Award ID: 2018R1C1B6005351
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002850, Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development);
                Award ID: 11150835
                Award ID: 1200468
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100005283, Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Cearense Foundation for the Support of Scientific and Technological Development);
                Award ID: 369617/2017-2
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100006769, Russian Science Foundation (RSF);
                Award ID: 19-14-00038
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003246, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research);
                Award ID: 016.161.318
                Award Recipient :
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                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2022

                macroecology,biogeography,ecophysiology,plant ecology
                macroecology, biogeography, ecophysiology, plant ecology

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