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          Abstract

          Dear Editor, We would like to thank Fajar et al. [1] for the appreciation and interest in our study, as well as the insightful comments and concerns. The Authors stress that our paper provided important information in the context of COVID-19 management, particularly in patients with MAFLD. At the same time, they raised some questions, the following points should be noted: First, there were not relatively enough studies investigating the association between MAFLD and severity of COVID-19, therefore we included these letters in our meta-analysis. The method used was supported by several published studies [1], [2], [3], [4] . Second, Zhou et al and Targher et al reported the number of COVID-19 co-exiting with MAFLD and the total COVID-19, which provided sufficient data to calculate the pooled prevalence of MAFLD among patients with COVID-19. The method of pooled analysis has been used in many high-quality publications in the literature [5], [6], [7], [8]. Third, the definition of COVID-19 severity in our meta-analysis was described in the section on method, according to the criteria listed in the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7). Targher et al reported that MAFLD patients with neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≤ 2.8 were not associated with higher risk of severity of COVID-19 with adjusted odds ratio (5.32, 95%CI 0.98-29.90), in comparison to those without MAFLD and NLR ≤ 2.8. Since better data could not be obtained, thus we extracted the data in our pooled analysis for association between MAFLD and severity of COVID-19. Uncited References: [9] Declaration of Competing Interest None declared.

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          The Effect of Smoking on COVID-19 Symptom Severity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

          Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR2-COV-2) and was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019, but quickly spread to the rest of the world, causing a pandemic. While some studies have found no link between smoking status and severe COVID-19, others demonstrated a significant one. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between smoking and clinical COVID-19 severity via a systematic meta-analysis approach. Methods We searched the Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases to identify clinical studies suitable for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Studies reporting smoking status and comparing nonsevere and severe patients were included. Nonsevere cases were described as mild, common type, nonintensive care unit (ICU) treatment, survivors, and severe cases as critical, need for ICU, refractory, and nonsurvivors. Results A total of 16 articles detailing 11322 COVID-19 patients were included. Our meta-analysis revealed a relationship between a history of smoking and severe COVID-19 cases (OR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.37–3.46; P < .001). Additionally, we found an association between the current smoking status and severe COVID-19 (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.12–2.05; P < .008). In 10.7% (978/9067) of nonsmokers, COVID-19 was severe, while in active smokers, severe COVID-19 occurred in 21.2% (65/305) of cases. Conclusion Active smoking and a history of smoking are clearly associated with severe COVID-19. The SARS-COV-2 epidemic should serve as an impetus for patients and those at risk to maintain good health practices and discontinue smoking. The trial is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42020180173.
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            The Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A PRISMA Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics

            An outbreak of pneumonia, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in China in December 2019. This virus expanded worldwide, causing global concern. Although clinical, laboratory, and imaging features of COVID-19 are characterized in some observational studies, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the frequency of these features. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis using three databases to identify clinical, laboratory, and computerized tomography (CT) scanning features of rRT-PCR confirmed cases of COVID-19. Data for 3420 patients from 30 observational studies were included. Overall, the results showed that fever (84.2%, 95% CI 82.6-85.7), cough (62%, 95% CI 60-64), and fatigue (39.4%, 95% CI 37.2-41.6%) are the most prevalent symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Increased CRP level, decreased lymphocyte count, and increased D-dimer level were the most common laboratory findings. Among COVID-19 patients, 92% had a positive CT finding, most prevalently ground-glass opacification (GGO) (60%, 95% CI 58-62) and peripheral distribution opacification (64%, 95% CI 60-69). These results demonstrate the clinical, paraclinical, and imaging features of COVID-19.
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              Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dig Liver Dis
                Dig Liver Dis
                Digestive and Liver Disease
                Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                1590-8658
                1878-3562
                4 November 2020
                4 November 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Critical Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, No. 3002, Sungang west Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
                [b ]College of Nursing, Gannan Medical University, No. 1 Hexie Road, Rongjiang New area, Ganzhou, China
                [c ]College of Nursing, North Sichuan Medical College, No. 234, Fujiang Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong City, Sichuan, China
                [d ]Department of medicine, JingGangshan University, No.28 Xueyuan Road, Qingyuan District, Ji 'an City, Jiangxi province, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: P. Huang, No. 1 Hexie Road, Rongjiang New area, Ganzhou, China, Tel.: +86-13438490316.
                Article
                S1590-8658(20)30989-0
                10.1016/j.dld.2020.10.034
                7641532
                e171b6fd-0ada-4fd1-b3a6-31c2673bc9f3
                © 2020 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 25 October 2020
                : 28 October 2020
                Categories
                Correspondence

                covid-19,sars-cov-2,metabolic associated fatty liver disease,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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