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      Depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate students during COVID‐19 outbreak and “home‐quarantine”

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          Abstract

          Aim

          Many people including students affected physically and psychologically by coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak and "home‐quarantine." This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety and stress among university students in Jordan during "home‐quarantine" due to the outbreak of COVID‐19.

          Design

          This is a cross‐sectional descriptive study.

          Methods

          Data were collected from a convenience sample of 1,380 Jordanian university students. A web‐based survey was used to collect data from the participants using the DASS‐21.

          Results

          The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in different levels was 78.7%, 67.9% and 58.7%, respectively, which are higher during “home‐quarantine.” The mean scores of depression, anxiety and stress were at moderate levels. Strong correlations were found between depression, stress and anxiety, with demographic, health‐related, lifestyle variables. Several variables also predicted depression, stress and anxiety.

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          The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

          Samantha K. Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E. Smith … (2022)
          Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
          Article 0 comments Cited 5406 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

            Cuiyan Wang, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan … (2020)
            Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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              The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories

              P.F. Lovibond, S.H. Lovibond (1995)
              The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were evaluated in a normal sample of N = 717 who were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The DASS was shown to possess satisfactory psychometric properties, and the factor structure was substantiated both by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In comparison to the BDI and BAI, the DASS scales showed greater separation in factor loadings. The DASS Anxiety scale correlated 0.81 with the BAI, and the DASS Depression scale correlated 0.74 with the BDI. Factor analyses suggested that the BDI differs from the DASS Depression scale primarily in that the BDI includes items such as weight loss, insomnia, somatic preoccupation and irritability, which fail to discriminate between depression and other affective states. The factor structure of the combined BDI and BAI items was virtually identical to that reported by Beck for a sample of diagnosed depressed and anxious patients, supporting the view that these clinical states are more severe expressions of the same states that may be discerned in normals. Implications of the results for the conceptualisation of depression, anxiety and tension/stress are considered, and the utility of the DASS scales in discriminating between these constructs is discussed.
              Article 0 comments Cited 2214 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Shaher H. Hamaideh:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-2584
                shaher29@hu.edu.jo
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nurs Open
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nurs Open
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2054-1058
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NOP2
                Title: Nursing Open
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2054-1058
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 May 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.1002/nop2.918
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Community and Mental Health Nursing Department Faculty of Nursing The Hashemite University Zarqa Jordan
                [ 2 ] Adult Health Nursing Department Faculty of Nursing The Hashemite University Zarqa Jordan
                [ 3 ] Community Health Department Faculty of Nursing Jordan University Zarqa Jordan
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Shaher H. Hamaideh, Community and Mental Health Nursing Department Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.

                Email: shaher29@ 123456hu.edu.jo

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-2584
                Article
                Publisher ID: NOP2918
                DOI: 10.1002/nop2.918
                PMC ID: 8242644
                PubMed ID: 33988913
                SO-VID: e129d034-ed4f-45fc-803d-fcaf1a2e4473
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors. Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date revision received : 15 April 2021
                Date received : 10 January 2021
                Date accepted : 20 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 9, Words: 17966
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                edited-state corrected-proof
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.2 mode:remove_FC converted:30.06.2021

                Keywords: anxiety,covid‐19,depression,jordan,stress
                Data availability:
                Keywords: anxiety, covid‐19, depression, jordan, stress

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