COVID-19-Related Self-Stigma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Insomnia, and Smartphone Addiction Among Frontline Government Workers with COVID-19 Pandemic Control Duties

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Abstract

Purpose

The duties related to COVID-19 control and prevention may have caused psychological stress for the individuals in charge (eg, frontline government workers) and have reportedly led to mental health issues, such as insomnia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the prevalence of these COVID-19-related disorders and their associated factors remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence rates of insomnia, PTSD, COVID-19-related self-stigma, and smartphone addiction, along with the identification of risk factors and protective factors for Taiwan frontline government workers with COVID-19 pandemic control duties.

Methods

The survey was carried out with 151 participants between September and October 2021. All participants completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (assessing fear of COVID-19), Self-Stigma Scale (assessing self-stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (assessing the risk of smartphone addiction), Insomnia Severity Index (assessing insomnia), Impacts of Event Scale-6 (assessing PTSD), and a self-designed set of questions assessing trait resilience.

Results

The results showed that the prevalence rate was 31.1% for insomnia and 33.8% for PTSD. Furthermore, service duration (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86, 0.999) and trait resilience (AOR = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.08, 0.46) were protective factors and fear of COVID-19 (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.02, 3.57) was a risk factor for insomnia. Fear of COVID-19 (AOR = 2.63; 95% CI = 1.35, 5.14), self-stigma (AOR = 3.62; 95% CI = 1.19, 11.02), and smartphone addiction (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.001, 1.19) were risk factors, and trait resilience was a protective factor (AOR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.29, 1.17) for PTSD.

Conclusion

The findings demonstrated a high prevalence of insomnia and PTSD. Risk-reducing strategies and protective factor promotion strategies are recommended to help reduce the symptoms of insomnia and PTSD among Taiwan frontline government workers.

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Most cited references 82

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Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

Jianbo Lai, Simeng Ma, Ying Wang … (2020)

Key Points Question What factors are associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers in China who are treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in multiple regions of China, a considerable proportion of health care workers reported experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers directly engaged in diagnosing, treating, or providing nursing care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that, among Chinese health care workers exposed to COVID-19, women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support or interventions.

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Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey

Yeen Huang, Ning Zhao (2020)

Highlights • The COVID-19 outbreak significantly affects the mental health of Chinese public • During the outbreak, young people had a higher risk of anxiety than older people • Spending too much time thinking about the outbreak is harmful to mental health • Healthcare workers were at high risk for poor sleep

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The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation

Daniel Ahorsu, Chung-Ying Lin, Vida Imani … (2020)

Background The emergence of the COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fears, worries, and anxiety among individuals worldwide. The present study developed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) to complement the clinical efforts in preventing the spread and treating of COVID-19 cases. Methods The sample comprised 717 Iranian participants. The items of the FCV-19S were constructed based on extensive review of existing scales on fears, expert evaluations, and participant interviews. Several psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain its reliability and validity properties. Results After panel review and corrected item-total correlation testing, seven items with acceptable corrected item-total correlation (0.47 to 0.56) were retained and further confirmed by significant and strong factor loadings (0.66 to 0.74). Also, other properties evaluated using both classical test theory and Rasch model were satisfactory on the seven-item scale. More specifically, reliability values such as internal consistency (α = .82) and test–retest reliability (ICC = .72) were acceptable. Concurrent validity was supported by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (with depression, r = 0.425 and anxiety, r = 0.511) and the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale (with perceived infectability, r = 0.483 and germ aversion, r = 0.459). Conclusion The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, a seven-item scale, has robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the general population and will also be useful in allaying COVID-19 fears among individuals.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychol Res Behav Manag

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Psychol Res Behav Manag

Journal ID (publisher-id): prbm

Title: Psychology Research and Behavior Management

Publisher: Dove

ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1578

Publication date (Electronic): 18 October 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 15

Pages: 3069-3080

Affiliations

[1 ]Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan

[2 ]Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan

[3 ]Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan

[4 ]International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham, UK

[5 ]Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan

[6 ]Faculty of School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan

[7 ]Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan

[8 ]Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan

[9 ]Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan

[10 ]Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan

Author notes

Correspondence: Chung-Ying Lin, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd , Tainan, 701, Taiwan, Tel +886 6-2353535 ext. 5106, Fax +886 6-2367981, Email cylin36933@gmail.com

*These authors contributed equally to this work

Author information

Ciaran Cashin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-3503

Mark D Griffiths http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-6524

Chung-Ying Lin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2129-4242

Nai-Ying Ko http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-2537

Article

Publisher ID: 383842

DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S383842

PMC ID: 9587721

PubMed ID: 36281271

SO-VID: e093604b-e0a7-4a0a-9163-2540e2d50987

License:

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

History

Date received : 26 July 2022

Date accepted : 27 September 2022

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 3, References: 86, Pages: 12

Funding

Funded by: the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan;

Funded by: the Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital Cross-Institutions Fund;

This study was supported in part by a research grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST109-2327-B-006-005; MOST111-2321-B-006-009) and a research grant from the Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital Cross-Institutions Fund (110-swf-01).

COVID-19-Related Self-Stigma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Insomnia, and Smartphone Addiction Among Frontline Government Workers with COVID-19 Pandemic Control Duties

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 82

Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey

The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation

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