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      ‘It hurts your heart’: frontline healthcare worker experiences of moral injury during the COVID-19 pandemic Translated title: ‘Duele tu corazón’: experiencias de daño moral durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en trabajadores de la salud de primera línea Translated title: ‘它伤了你的心’:在 COVID-19 疫情期间一线医护人员的道德伤害经历

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      a , b , a , a , b , c , a , d , a , e , a , a , c , f , a , a
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Moral injury, potentially morally injurious events, PMIEs, moral distress, healthcare workers, NHS, national health service, COVID-19, qualitative, Daño Moral, Eventos potencialmente dañinos para la moral, PMIEs, Sufrimiento moral, Trabajadores de la salud, NHS, Servicio de salud nacional, COVID-19, Cualitativo, 道德伤害, 潜在道德伤害事件, PMIE, 道德困境, 医护人员, NHS, 国民医护服务, COVID-19, 定性的

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Moral injury is defined as the strong emotional and cognitive reactions following events which clash with someone’s moral code, values or expectations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased exposure to Potentially Morally Injurious Events (PMIEs) has placed healthcare workers (HCWs) at risk of moral injury. Yet little is known about the lived experience of cumulative PMIE exposure and how NHS staff respond to this.

          Objective: We sought to rectify this knowledge gap by qualitatively exploring the lived experiences and perspectives of clinical frontline NHS staff who responded to COVID-19.

          Methods: We recruited a diverse sample of 30 clinical frontline HCWs from the NHS CHECK study cohort, for single time point qualitative interviews. All participants endorsed at least one item on the 9-item Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) [Nash et al., 2013. Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652] at six month follow up. Interviews followed a semi-structured guide and were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

          Results: HCWs described being routinely exposed to ethical conflicts, created by exacerbations of pre-existing systemic issues including inadequate staffing and resourcing. We found that HCWs experienced a range of mental health symptoms primarily related to perceptions of institutional betrayal as well as feeling unable to fulfil their duty of care towards patients.

          Conclusion: These results suggest that a multi-facetted organisational strategy is warranted to prepare for PMIE exposure, promote opportunities for resolution of symptoms associated with moral injury and prevent organisational disengagement.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Clinical frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) have been exposed to an accumulation of potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, including feeling betrayed by both government and NHS leaders as well as feeling unable to provide duty of care to patients.

          • HCWs described the significant adverse impact of this exposure on their mental health, including increased anxiety and depression symptoms and sleep disturbance.

          • Most HCWs interviewed believed that organisational change within the NHS was necessary to prevent excess PMIE exposure and promote resolution of moral distress.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: El daño moral se define como las fuertes reacciones emocionales y cognitivas que siguen a los eventos que chocan con el código moral de una persona, sus valores o expectativas. Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, el aumento de la exposición a Eventos Potencialmente Dañinos para la Moral (PMIEs, por su sigla en inglés) ha puesto a los trabajadores de la salud (HCWs, por su sigla en inglés) en riesgo de daño moral. Aún se conoce poco sobre la experiencia vivida de la exposición acumulada a PMIE y cómo el personal del Servicio Nacional de Salud de Inglaterra (NHS en su sigla en inglés) responde a esto.

          Objetivo: Buscamos rectificar esta brecha de conocimiento a través de la exploración cualitativa de las experiencias vividas y perspectivas del personal clínico de primera línea de NHS que respondió al COVID-19.

          Métodos: Reclutamos una muestra diversa de 30 HCWs clínicos de primera línea de la cohorte del estudio CHECK del NHS, para entrevistas cualitativas de una sola vez. Todos los participantes aprobaron al menos un ítem de los 9 de la Escala de Eventos de Daño Moral (MIES) [Nash y cols., 2013. Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652] en el seguimiento a los 6 meses. Las entrevistas siguieron una guía semi-estructurada y fueron analizadas utilizando análisis temático reflexivo.

          Resultados: Los HCWs describieron estar expuestos de forma rutinaria a conflictos éticos, creados por exacerbación de problemas sistémicos pre-existentes que incluían falta de personal y de recursos. Encontramos que los HCWs experimentaron un rango de síntomas de salud mental primariamente relacionados a percepciones de traición institucional y al sentirse incapaces de cumplir con su deber de cuidado hacia los pacientes.

          Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren que se requiere una estrategia organizacional multifacética para preparar para la exposición a PMIE fomentar oportunidades de resolución de los síntomas asociados al daño moral y prevenir la separación organizacional.

          Translated abstract

          背景:道德伤害被定义为在与某人道德准则、价值观或期望发生冲突的事件后产生的强烈情绪和认知反应。在 COVID-19 疫情期间,潜在道德伤害事件 (PMIE) 暴露的增加使医护人员 (HCW) 面临道德伤害的风险。然而,人们对累积 PMIE 暴露的现身经历以及 NHS 工作人员如何应对这一点知之甚少。

          目的:我们试图通过定性探索应对 COVID-19 的临床一线 NHS 工作人员的现身经历和看法来弥补这一知识缺口。

          方法:我们从 NHS CHECK 研究队列中招募了 30 名临床一线 HCW 的多元样本,进行单时间点定性访谈。所有参与者都填写了六个月随访中9 条目道德伤害事件量表 (MIES) (Nash et al., 2013) 中的至少一条。访谈遵循半结构化指南,并使用反思性主题分析进行分析。

          结果:HCW描述了由先存在系统性问题(包括人员配备和资源不足)的恶化造成的惯常性地暴露于道德冲突。我们发现,医护人员经历了一系列心理健康症状,主要与对机构背叛的感知以及感觉无法履行对患者的护理职责有关。

          结论:这些结果表明,有必要采取多方面的组织战略来为 PMIE 暴露做准备,促进解决道德伤害相关症状的机会,并防止组织分离。

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          One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?

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            Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic

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              Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: a preliminary model and intervention strategy.

              Throughout history, warriors have been confronted with moral and ethical challenges and modern unconventional and guerilla wars amplify these challenges. Potentially morally injurious events, such as perpetrating, failing to prevent, or bearing witness to acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and expectations may be deleterious in the long-term, emotionally, psychologically, behaviorally, spiritually, and socially (what we label as moral injury). Although there has been some research on the consequences of unnecessary acts of violence in war zones, the lasting impact of morally injurious experience in war remains chiefly unaddressed. To stimulate a critical examination of moral injury, we review the available literature, define terms, and offer a working conceptual framework and a set of intervention strategies designed to repair moral injury.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                18 October 2022
                2022
                18 October 2022
                : 13
                : 2
                : 2128028
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London , London, UK
                [b ]Department of Applied Health Research, University College London , London, UK
                [c ]South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust , London, UK
                [d ]Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care, King’s College London , London, UK
                [e ]Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
                [f ]King’s Wellcome Trust EPSRC Centre For Medical Engineering , London, UK
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Siobhan Hegarty siobhan.hegarty@ 123456kcl.ac.uk Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London , Weston Education Centre, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4804-8797
                Article
                2128028
                10.1080/20008066.2022.2128028
                9586685
                36276556
                df2e2aea-7d66-4708-9b7f-a416d85e1941
                © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Basic Research Article
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                moral injury,potentially morally injurious events,pmies,moral distress,healthcare workers,nhs,national health service,covid-19,qualitative,daño moral,eventos potencialmente dañinos para la moral,sufrimiento moral,trabajadores de la salud,servicio de salud nacional,cualitativo,道德伤害,潜在道德伤害事件,pmie,道德困境,医护人员,国民医护服务,定性的

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