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      The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on eating disorders: A systematic review

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          Abstract

          Objective

          A growing body of evidence suggests that individuals with eating disorders (EDs) have experienced deteriorating symptoms, increased isolation, and an increase in hospital admissions as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Despite this, no systematic reviews have been conducted examining the COVID‐19 and ED peer‐reviewed literature. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on individuals with EDs.

          Method

          Database searches of the peer‐reviewed literature were completed in the subsequent databases: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO (from November 2019 to October 20, 2021). All research reporting on the relationship between the COVID‐19 pandemic on individuals with EDs were included.

          Results

          Fifty‐three studies met the inclusion criteria, including 36,485 individuals with EDs.

          The pooled hospital admissions across the studies demonstrated on average a 48% (pre = 591, post = 876, n = 10 studies) increase in admissions during the pandemic compared to previous pre‐pandemic timepoints. In this review, 36% of studies ( n = 19) documented increases in eating disorder symptoms during the pandemic, this increase in eating disorder symptoms were documented in AN, BED, BN, and OFSED patients. Studies also demonstrated increases in anxiety ( n = 9) and depression ( n = 8), however patterns of change appeared to be diagnostic and timing specific (e.g., lockdowns).

          Discussion

          We found a large increase in the number of hospitalizations and an increase in ED symptoms, anxiety, depression, and changes to BMI in ED patients during the pandemic. However, these changes appeared to be diagnostic and timing specific. Many qualitative studies described deterioration in ED symptomatology due to decreased access to care and treatment, changes to routine and loss of structure, negative influence of the media, and social isolation. Future studies are needed to focus on pediatric populations, new ED diagnoses, and severity of illness at presentation.

          Public Significance

          The scientific literature suggests that individuals with eating disorders have experienced deteriorating symptoms, increased isolation, and an increase in hospital admissions as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study synthesized 53 articles and explored the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on patients with eating disorders. We found increases in eating disorder symptoms during the pandemic; this increase in eating disorder symptoms was documented in patients with common eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, binge‐eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and other specified feeding and eating disorders. This review also demonstrated changes in body mass index (an index used to classify underweight, overweight, and obesity in adults) and increases in anxiety and depression during the pandemic compared to previous timepoints; patterns of change appeared to be related to timing of lockdowns. This review provides important information on the impact of COVID‐19 on the physical and mental health of individuals with eating disorders.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Un creciente conjunto de evidencia sugiere que las personas con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) han experimentado síntomas de deterioro, mayor aislamiento y un aumento en los ingresos hospitalarios como resultado de la pandemia de COVID‐19. A pesar de esto, no se han realizado revisiones sistemáticas que examinen la literatura revisada por pares de COVID‐19 y TCA. Por lo tanto, esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo sintetizar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID‐19 en las personas con TCA.

          Método

          Las búsquedas en las bases de datos de la literatura revisada por pares se completaron en las bases de datos posteriores: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE y PsycINFO (de noviembre de 2019 al 20 de octubre de 2021). Se incluyeron todos los informes de investigación sobre la relación entre la pandemia de COVID‐19 en individuos con TCA.

          Resultados

          Cincuenta y tres estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, incluyendo 36,485 individuos con TCA. Los ingresos hospitalarios agrupados en los estudios demostraron en promedio un aumento del 48% (antes = 591, después = 876, n = 10 estudios) en los ingresos durante la pandemia en comparación con los puntos de tiempo previos a la pandemia. En esta revisión, el 36% de los estudios (n = 19) documentaron aumentos en los síntomas del trastorno alimentario durante la pandemia, este aumento en los síntomas del trastorno de la conducta alimentaria se documentó en pacientes con AN, TpA, BN y OSFED. Los estudios también demostraron aumentos en la ansiedad (n = 9) y la depresión (n = 8), sin embargo, los patrones de cambio parecían ser diagnósticos y específicos del momento (por ejemplo, encierros).

          Discusión

          Encontramos un gran aumento en el número de hospitalizaciones y un aumento en los síntomas de TCA, ansiedad, depresión y los cambios en el IMC en pacientes con TCA durante la pandemia. Sin embargo, estos cambios parecían ser diagnósticos y específicos del momento. Muchos estudios cualitativos describieron un deterioro en la sintomatología del trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) debido a la disminución del acceso a la atención y el tratamiento, los cambios en la rutina y la pérdida de estructura, la influencia negativa de los medios de comunicación y el aislamiento social. Se necesitan estudios futuros para centrarse en las poblaciones pediátricas, los nuevos diagnósticos de TCA y la gravedad de la enfermedad al momento de la presentación.

          Palabras clave

          trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, pandemia, COVID‐19

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          Most cited references78

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          Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement

          Systematic reviews should build on a protocol that describes the rationale, hypothesis, and planned methods of the review; few reviews report whether a protocol exists. Detailed, well-described protocols can facilitate the understanding and appraisal of the review methods, as well as the detection of modifications to methods and selective reporting in completed reviews. We describe the development of a reporting guideline, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015 (PRISMA-P 2015). PRISMA-P consists of a 17-item checklist intended to facilitate the preparation and reporting of a robust protocol for the systematic review. Funders and those commissioning reviews might consider mandating the use of the checklist to facilitate the submission of relevant protocol information in funding applications. Similarly, peer reviewers and editors can use the guidance to gauge the completeness and transparency of a systematic review protocol submitted for publication in a journal or other medium.
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            The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration

            Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarise evidence relating to efficacy and safety of healthcare interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, are not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users. Since the development of the QUOROM (quality of reporting of meta-analysis) statement—a reporting guideline published in 1999—there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realising these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions. The PRISMA statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this explanation and elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA statement, this document, and the associated website (www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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              Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group.

              Because of the pressure for timely, informed decisions in public health and clinical practice and the explosion of information in the scientific literature, research results must be synthesized. Meta-analyses are increasingly used to address this problem, and they often evaluate observational studies. A workshop was held in Atlanta, Ga, in April 1997, to examine the reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies and to make recommendations to aid authors, reviewers, editors, and readers. Twenty-seven participants were selected by a steering committee, based on expertise in clinical practice, trials, statistics, epidemiology, social sciences, and biomedical editing. Deliberations of the workshop were open to other interested scientists. Funding for this activity was provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the conduct and reporting of meta-analyses in observational studies using MEDLINE, Educational Research Information Center (ERIC), PsycLIT, and the Current Index to Statistics. We also examined reference lists of the 32 studies retrieved and contacted experts in the field. Participants were assigned to small-group discussions on the subjects of bias, searching and abstracting, heterogeneity, study categorization, and statistical methods. From the material presented at the workshop, the authors developed a checklist summarizing recommendations for reporting meta-analyses of observational studies. The checklist and supporting evidence were circulated to all conference attendees and additional experts. All suggestions for revisions were addressed. The proposed checklist contains specifications for reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology, including background, search strategy, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Use of the checklist should improve the usefulness of meta-analyses for authors, reviewers, editors, readers, and decision makers. An evaluation plan is suggested and research areas are explored.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                djadevoe@ucalgary.ca
                Journal
                Int J Eat Disord
                Int J Eat Disord
                10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X
                EAT
                The International Journal of Eating Disorders
                John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Hoboken, USA )
                0276-3478
                1098-108X
                05 April 2022
                05 April 2022
                : 10.1002/eat.23704
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Psychiatry, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
                [ 2 ] Department of Psychology Mount Royal University Calgary Canada
                [ 3 ] Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
                [ 4 ] University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Ruhr‐University Bochum Lübbecke Germany
                [ 5 ] Alberta Health Services Edmonton AB Canada
                [ 6 ] Alberta Children's Hospital Calgary AB Canada
                [ 7 ] Faculty of Social Work University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Daniel J. Devoe, Department of Psychiatry, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.

                Email: djadevoe@ 123456ucalgary.ca

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-0205
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2069-0024
                Article
                EAT23704
                10.1002/eat.23704
                9087369
                35384016
                df109325-75a8-4efd-b821-c465836ed64e
                © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                : 09 March 2022
                : 26 August 2021
                : 10 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Pages: 21, Words: 13450
                Funding
                Funded by: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , doi 10.13039/100009003;
                Funded by: Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , doi 10.13039/100012856;
                Funded by: Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation , doi 10.13039/501100003206;
                Funded by: the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health
                Funded by: Harley Hotchkiss ‐ Samuel Weiss Postdoctoral Fellowship
                Funded by: Cumming School of Medicine Post‐Doctoral Scholarship
                Funded by: O'Brien Institute for Public Health & Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education for Mental Health Postdoctoral Scholarship
                Categories
                Review
                Reviews
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                corrected-proof
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.5 mode:remove_FC converted:10.05.2022

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                covid‐19,eating disorders,pandemic
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                covid‐19, eating disorders, pandemic

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