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      Seeking synergies: understanding the evidence that links menstrual health and sexual and reproductive health and rights

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          ABSTRACT

          Global efforts to improve menstrual health and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) are fundamentally intertwined and share similar goals for improving health and well-being and increasing gender equality. Historically, however, the two fields have operated independently and missed opportunities to build upon their biological and sociocultural linkages. Biological touchpoints connecting the two fields include genital tract infections, menstrual disorders, contraception, and menopause. From a sociocultural perspective, intersections occur in relation to the experience of puberty and menarche, gender norms and equity, education, gender-based violence, and transactional sex. We describe evidence linking menstrual health and SRHR and offer recommendations for integration that could strengthen the impact of both fields.

          Résumé

          Les efforts mondiaux pour améliorer la santé menstruelle et la santé et les droits sexuels et reproductifs sont fondamentalement indissociables et partagent des objectifs similaires pour améliorer la santé et le bien-être tout en accroissant l’égalité entre hommes et femmes. Traditionnellement, néanmoins, les deux domaines ont opéré de manière indépendante et ont manqué des occasions de s’appuyer sur leurs liens biologiques et socioculturels. Les points de contact biologiques reliant les deux domaines incluent les infections de l’appareil génital, les troubles menstruels, la contraception et la ménopause. Dans une perspective socioculturelle, les intersections se produisent en rapport avec l’expérience de la puberté et des première règles, les normes de genre et l’égalité entre hommes et femmes, l’éducation, la violence sexiste et le commerce du sexe. Nous décrivons les données liant la santé menstruelle avec la santé et les droits sexuels et reproductifs et proposons des recommandations pour une intégration susceptible de renforcer l’impact des deux domaines.

          Resumen

          Los esfuerzos mundiales por mejorar la salud menstrual y la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos (SDSR) están entrelazados fundamentalmente y tienen objetivos similares en común para mejorar la salud y el bienestar e incrementar la igualdad de género. Sin embargo, históricamente, los dos campos han operado de manera independiente y han perdido oportunidades de aprovechar sus vínculos biológicos y socioculturales. Los puntos de contacto biológicos que conectan los dos campos son: infecciones del tracto genital, trastornos menstruales, anticoncepción y menopausia. Desde la perspectiva sociocultural, ocurren intersecciones con relación a la experiencia de pubertad y menarquia, normas y equidad de género, educación, violencia de género y sexo transaccional. Describimos la evidencia que vincula la salud menstrual y SDSR, y ofrecemos recomendaciones para integración que podrían fortalecer el impacto de ambos campos.

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          Most cited references93

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          Accelerate progress—sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: report of the Guttmacher– Lancet Commission

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            Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health

            Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex. Instead, it is a complex social system that structures the life experience of all human beings. This paper, the first in a Series of five papers, investigates the relationships between gender inequality, restrictive gender norms, and health and wellbeing. Building upon past work, we offer a consolidated conceptual framework that shows how individuals born biologically male or female develop into gendered beings, and how sexism and patriarchy intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as racism, classism, and homophobia, to structure pathways to poor health. We discuss the ample evidence showing the far-reaching consequences of these pathways, including how gender inequality and restrictive gender norms impact health through differential exposures, health-related behaviours and access to care, as well as how gender-biased health research and health-care systems reinforce and reproduce gender inequalities, with serious implications for health. The cumulative consequences of structured disadvantage, mediated through discriminatory laws, policies, and institutions, as well as diet, stress, substance use, and environmental toxins, have triggered important discussions about the role of social injustice in the creation and maintenance of health inequities, especially along racial and socioeconomic lines. This Series paper raises the parallel question of whether discrimination based on gender likewise becomes embodied, with negative consequences for health. For decades, advocates have worked to eliminate gender discrimination in global health, with only modest success. A new plan and new political commitment are needed if these global health aspirations and the wider Sustainable Development Goals of the UN are to be achieved.
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              Maternal anemia and risk of adverse birth and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

              Anemia is a leading cause of maternal deaths and adverse pregnancy outcomes in developing countries.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
                Taylor & Francis
                2641-0397
                18 February 2021
                2021
                : 29
                : 1
                : 1882791
                Affiliations
                [a ]Independent Consultant, Rising Outcomes , Hillsborough, NC, USA. Correspondence: lucy.wilson@ 123456gmail.com
                [b ]Senior Technical Advisor, Product Development & Introduction, FHI 360 , Durham, NC, USA
                [c ]Senior WASH Behavior Change and Integration Specialist, FHI 360 , Washington, DC, USA
                [d ]Associate Director, Product Development & Introduction, FHI 360 , Durham, NC, USA
                [e ]Scientist, Maternal and Child Health, FHI 360 , Washington, DC, USA
                [f ]Senior Hygiene and School WASH Advisor, USAID WASHplus Project, FHI 360 , Washington, DC, USA
                [g ]Scientist, Product Development and Introduction, FHI 360 , Durham, NC, USA
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-308X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7015-5073
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1082-0726
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-0320
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3848-7462
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-805X
                Article
                1882791
                10.1080/26410397.2021.1882791
                8009024
                33599162
                dd6db728-6594-4ff5-a5e2-bd42193e7be0
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 100, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Review Article
                Review Article

                menstrual health,menstruation,reproductive health,contraception,gender norms

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