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      Physical, chemical, technological and sensory characteristics of Frankfurter type sausage containing okara flour Translated title: Características químicas, físicas, tecnológicas e sensoriais de salsicha tipo Frankfurter enriquecida com farinha de okara

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          Abstract

          The addition of okara flour to an emulsified meat product (Frankfurter type sausage) was evaluated based on the physical, chemical, technological, and sensory characteristics of the final product. Okara, residue from soymilk production, was provided by two soymilk producing companies whose production systems were based on the hot disintegration of the decorticated (company B) or undecorticated (company A) soybeans. The okara was dehydrated using a flash dryer and then ground into flour (>420 µm). However, The okara flours A and B showed approximately the same amount of protein (35 and 40 g.100 g-1 dwb). However, the okara flour A presented higher values (p < 0.05) for all technological functional properties studied (emulsification capacity, emulsion stability, protein solubility, and water hold capacity) than those of okara flour B. The A and B okara flours were used in a frankfurter sausage formulation as substitution of 1.5% and 4% of meat. The results showed that the sausages containing okara flours A and B, as well as the control sausage, were accepted by the sensory panel. Moreover, there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in the physical (color, objective texture, and emulsion stability) and chemical (pH and proximate composition) measurements of the sausages with and without the okara flour.

          Translated abstract

          Avaliou-se a adição de farinha de okara em produto cárneo emulsionado (salsicha tipo Frankfurter) com base nas características físicas, químicas e sensoriais do produto obtido. O okara, resíduo do processamento de 'leite' de soja, foi fornecido por duas empresas cujos sistemas de produção baseiam-se na desintegração a quente da soja com casca (empresa A) e sem casca (empresa B). O okara foi desidratado em secador flash dryer e moído na forma de farinha (>420 µm). As farinhas de okara A e B apresentaram níveis aproximados de proteína (35 e 40 g.100 g-1 b.s., respectivamente). Entretanto, a farinha de okara A apresentou maiores valores (p < 0,05) para todas as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas estudadas (capacidade de emulsificação, estabilidade da emulsão, solubilidade da proteína e capacidade de retenção de água), em comparação com a farinha de okara B. As farinhas de okara A e B foram adicionadas à formulação de salsicha substituindo 1,5% e 4% do peso de carne, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que as salsichas contendo farinhas de okara A e B e a salsicha padrão foram igualmente aceitas pela equipe de provadores. Além disso, não houve diferenças signficativas (p < 0,05) entre as determinações físicas (cor, textura objetiva e estabilidade da emulsão) e químicas (pH e composição centesimal) das salsichas com ou sem farinha de okara.

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          Characteristics and use of okara, the soybean residue from soy milk production--a review.

          Large quantities of okara produced annually pose a significant disposal problem. It contains mostly crude fiber composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, about 25% protein, 10-15% oil, but little starch or simple carbohydrates. It is a suitable dietary additive in biscuits and snacks because it reduces calorie intake and increases dietary fiber. The high-quality protein fraction has good water holding and emulsifying qualities and contains a peptide with anti-hypertension effects. The pectic polysaccharides fraction is suitable for thickening acid milk products. Okara fermented with Actinomucor elegans (meitauza), Aspergillus oryzae (koji), Neurospora intermedia (ontjom), and Rhizopus oligosporus (tempe), on consumption, reduces cholesterol level and contains substances that counteract dietary free radicals. Unique and useful products produced by Bacillus subtilis and Penicillium simplicissimum on okara include surfactin and iturin A (fungicidal), okaramines A, B, D-F (D is insecticidal), an oleanane triterpene, and two dihydroquinolinones (one toxic for Artemia salina). Okara has been used as silkworm food and in the production of ceramics.
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            Lipoxygenase and flavor of soybean protein products

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              Instrução Normativa n° 4, de 31 de março de 2000. Aprova os Regulamentos Técnicos de Identidade e Qualidade de Carne Mecanicamente Separada, de Mortadela, de Lingüiça e de Salsicha

              (2000)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cta
                Food Science and Technology (Campinas)
                Food Sci. Technol (Campinas)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (Campinas )
                1678-457X
                September 2012
                : 32
                : 3
                : 538-546
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios Brazil
                [2 ] Food Technology Institute Brazil
                Article
                S0101-20612012000300017
                10.1590/S0101-20612012005000076
                dc66bac7-4f0f-4eb4-a4fd-379498586f01

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0101-2061&lng=en
                Categories
                FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

                Food science & Technology
                residue, drying,pneumatic dryer,technological functional properties,Frankfurter type sausage,resíduo; secagem,secador pneumático,propriedade funcional tecnológica,salsicha

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