Insomnia symptoms during the covid-19 pandemic: a case-control study

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ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To identify lifestyle-related, sociodemographic, and mental health characteristics of people with insomnia symptoms and people without insomnia during the pandemic.

METHODS

A case-control study was conducted with data collected by snowball sampling using an online questionnaire. From November 2020 to April 2021, 6,360 people with a mean age of 43.5 years (SD = 14.3) participated in the survey. For this study, we considered 158 cases of insomnia disorder and 476 controls (three controls per case) randomly selected from the participants without sleep problems.

RESULTS

The results of the comparative analysis between cases and controls showed that sleeping less than six hours daily (OR = 3.89; 95%CI 2.50–6.05), feeling sadness frequently (OR = 2.95; 95%CI 1.69–5.17), residing in metropolitan areas (OR = 1.71; 95%CI 1.04–2.84), being 40 years or older (OR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.22–3.06), and the interaction between occupation and poorer education (OR = 2.12; 95%CI 1.22–3.69) were predictors for symptoms of insomnia disorder during the pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to confirming the hypothesis that mental health problems are associated with insomnia symptoms, the results point to insomnia as an important outcome for studies on the effects of unemployment, vulnerability and low education of the population, especially in large cities, highlighting that the effects of the crisis on health and the economy are extremely unequally distributed.

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Most cited references 40

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Abstract: found
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The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

Samantha K. Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E. Smith … (2022)

Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.

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Abstract: found
Article: not found

The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.

Kurt Kroenke, Robert L Spitzer, Janet B W Williams (2003)

A number of self-administered questionnaires are available for assessing depression severity, including the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression module (PHQ-9). Because even briefer measures might be desirable for use in busy clinical settings or as part of comprehensive health questionnaires, we evaluated a 2-item version of the PHQ depression module, the PHQ-2. The PHQ-2 inquires about the frequency of depressed mood and anhedonia over the past 2 weeks, scoring each as 0 ("not at all") to 3 ("nearly every day"). The PHQ-2 was completed by 6000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-2 depression severity increased from 0 to 6, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and healthcare utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-2 score > or =3 had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 92% for major depression. Likelihood ratio and receiver operator characteristic analysis identified a PHQ-2 score of 3 as the optimal cutpoint for screening purposes. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. The construct and criterion validity of the PHQ-2 make it an attractive measure for depression screening.

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International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications.

Michael J Sateia (2014)

The recently released third edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) is a fully revised version of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine's manual of sleep disorders nosology, published in cooperation with international sleep societies. It is the key reference work for the diagnosis of sleep disorders. The ICSD-3 is built on the same basic outline as the ICSD-2, identifying seven major categories that include insomnia disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, parasomnias, and other sleep disorders. Significant modifications have been made to the nosology of insomnia, narcolepsy, and parasomnias. Major features and changes of the manual are reviewed in this article. The rationales for these changes are also discussed.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Andrea Bacelar:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-8983

Role: Study design and planning,Data collection and analysis,Manuscript writing,Critical review,Public responsibility for article content

Silvia Gonçalves Conway:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-8006

Role: Study design and planning,Data collection and analysis,Manuscript writing,Critical review,Public responsibility for article content

Márcia Assis:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-636X

Role: Study design and planning,Data collection and analysis,Manuscript writing,Critical review,Public responsibility for article content

Victor Menezes Silva:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6615-1923

Role: Data collection and analysis,Manuscript writing,Critical review

Pedro Rodrigues Genta:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-165X

Role: Manuscript writing,Critical review,Public responsibility for article content

Daniela Vianna Pachito:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-7735

Role: Manuscript writing,Critical review

Almir Ribeiro Tavares Júnior:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9517-8546

Role: Manuscript writing,Critical review

Danilo Anunciatto Sguillar:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5286-3460

Role: Manuscript writing,Critical review

Gustavo Antonio Moreira:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0016-8818

Role: Manuscript writing,Critical review

Luciano Ferreira Drager:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-6846

Role: Manuscript writing,Critical review,Public responsibility for article content

Claudia Roberta de Castro Moreno:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1839-9673

Role: Study design and planning,Data collection and analysis,Manuscript writing,Critical review,Public responsibility for article content

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rev Saude Publica

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rev Saude Publica

Journal ID (publisher-id): rsp

Title: Revista de Saúde Pública

Publisher: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo

ISSN (Print): 0034-8910

ISSN (Electronic): 1518-8787

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 11 May 2023

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2023

Volume: 57

Issue: Suppl 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 8s

Affiliations

[I ] orgnameClínica Neurológica Carlos Bacelar Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil originalClínica Neurológica Carlos Bacelar. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

[II ] orgnameAssociação Brasileira do Sono São Paulo SP Brasil originalAssociação Brasileira do Sono. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[III ] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Psiquiatria São Paulo SP Brasil originalUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Psiquiatria. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[IV ] orgnameAkasa - Formação e Conhecimento São Paulo SP Brasil originalAkasa - Formação e Conhecimento. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[V ] orgnameHospital São Lucas orgdiv1Clínica do Sono de Curitiba Curitiba PR Brasil originalHospital São Lucas. Clínica do Sono de Curitiba. Curitiba, PR, Brasil

[VI ] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Saúde Pública orgdiv2Departamento de Saúde, Ciclos de Vida e Sociedade São Paulo SP Brasil originalUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde, Ciclos de Vida e Sociedade.São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[VII ] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv2Hospital das Clínicas orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina São Paulo SP Brasil originalUniversidade de São Paulo. Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto do Coração. Laboratório do Sono. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[VIII ] orgnameFundação Getúlio Vargas São Paulo SP Brasil originalFundação Getúlio Vargas. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[IX ] orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais orgdiv1Departamento de Saúde Mental Belo Horizonte MG Brasil original Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Saúde Mental. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

[X ] orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina São Paulo SP Brasil originalUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Otorrinolaringologia). São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[XI ] orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Departamento de Pediatria e Psicobiologia São Paulo SP Brasil originalUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Pediatria e Psicobiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[XII ] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv2Hospital das Clínicas orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina São Paulo SP Brasil originalUniversidade de São Paulo. Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto do Coração. Unidade de Hipertensão. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[XIII ] orgnameStockholms Universitet orgdiv1Psykologiska institutionen orgdiv2Stressforskningsinstitutet Stockholm Sverige originalStockholms Universitet. Psykologiska institutionen. Stressforskningsinstitutet. Stockholm, Sverige

[I ] Brasil originalClínica Neurológica Carlos Bacelar. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

[II ] Brasil originalAssociação Brasileira do Sono. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[III ] Brasil originalUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Psiquiatria. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[IV ] Brasil originalAkasa - Formação e Conhecimento. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[V ] Brasil originalHospital São Lucas. Clínica do Sono de Curitiba. Curitiba, PR, Brasil

[VI ] Brasil originalUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde, Ciclos de Vida e Sociedade.São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[VII ] Brasil originalUniversidade de São Paulo. Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto do Coração. Laboratório do Sono. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[VIII ] Brasil originalFundação Getúlio Vargas. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[IX ] Brasil original Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Saúde Mental. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

[X ] Brasil original Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Otorrinolaringologia). São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[XI ] Brasil original Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Pediatria e Psicobiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[XII ] Brasil original Universidade de São Paulo. Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto do Coração. Unidade de Hipertensão. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

[XIII ] Sverige original Stockholms Universitet. Psykologiska institutionen. Stressforskningsinstitutet. Stockholm, Sverige

Author notes

Correspondence: Claudia RC Moreno Departamento de Saúde, Ciclos de Vida e Sociedade Faculdade de Saúde Pública Universidade de São Paulo Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brasil E-mail: crmoreno@ 123456usp.br

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondência: Claudia RC Moreno Departamento de Saúde, Ciclo de Vida e Sociedade Faculdade de Saúde Pública Universidade de São Paulo Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brasil E-mail: crmoreno@usp.br

Conflito de Interesses: Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.

Author information

Andrea Bacelar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-8983

Silvia Gonçalves Conway https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-8006

Márcia Assis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-636X

Victor Menezes Silva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6615-1923

Pedro Rodrigues Genta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-165X

Daniela Vianna Pachito https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-7735

Almir Ribeiro Tavares Júnior https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9517-8546

Danilo Anunciatto Sguillar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5286-3460

Gustavo Antonio Moreira https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0016-8818

Luciano Ferreira Drager https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-6846

Claudia Roberta de Castro Moreno https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1839-9673

Article

Other ID: 00205

DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057004801

PMC ID: 10185312

PubMed ID: 37255119

SO-VID: daed1781-3fbb-4f5d-aff6-ac50954a5129

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 21 April 2022

Date accepted : 4 July 2022

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 32

Funding

Funded by: Capes

Award ID: 001

Funding: Associação Brasileira de Sono, 2021. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (Capes - Funding code 001).

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2023 Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia in Adults – Brazilian Sleep Association
Authors: Luciano Ferreira Drager, Márcia Assis, Andrea Frota Rego Bacelar …

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Insomnia symptoms during the covid-19 pandemic: a case-control study

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ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

METHODS

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

Related collections

Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 40

The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.

International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications.

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Cited by 1

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