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      Factors related to HIV testing frequency in MSM based on the 2011–2018 survey in Tianjin, China: a hint for risk reduction strategy

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          Abstracts

          Background

          In recent years, HIV testing has become one of the effective strategies to reduce the risk of the infection. Frequent quarterly HIV testing can be cost effective. Therefore, an in-depth study of factors related to the testing behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) were analyzed to optimize intervention strategies.

          Methods

          From March 2011 to October 2018, the project was implemented in a Tianjin (China) bathhouse, and 5165 MSM were surveyed using snowball sampling. Factors related to HIV testing behavior were analyzed by ordinal logistic regression analysis after grouping according to testing frequency, and comprehensive analysis was performed.

          Results

          The multivariate logistic analysis showed that 6 variables including young MSM (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49–0.92, p = 0.01), low-educated MSM (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.48–0.77, p < 0.0001), low HIV/AIDS knowledge (95% CI: 0.57–0.83, p < 0.0001), marital status (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.07–1.57, p = 0.007), acceptance of condom promotion and distribution (OR = 14.52, 95% CI: 12.04–17.51, p < 0.0001), and frequency of condom use ( p < 0.05) could link to HIV testing behaviors.

          Conclusions

          In order to achieve the 95–95-95 goal, target publicity, HIV/AIDS education and promotion of HIV self-testing kits should be carried out to encourage frequent HIV testing among MSM who are young (especially students), married to women, poorly educated and who are reluctant to always use condoms.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11948-6.

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          Most cited references36

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          HIV infection

          Steven G. Deeks, Julie Overbaugh, Andrew Phillips … (2015)
          More than 75 million people worldwide have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and there are now approximately 37 million individuals living with the infection. Untreated HIV replication causes progressive CD4(+) T cell loss and a wide range of immunological abnormalities, leading to an increased risk of infectious and oncological complications. HIV infection also contributes to cardiovascular disease, bone disease, renal and hepatic dysfunction and several other common morbidities. Antiretroviral drugs are highly effective at inhibiting HIV replication, and for individuals who can access and adhere to these drugs, combination antiretroviral therapy leads to durable (and probably lifelong) suppression of viral replication. Viral suppression enables immune recovery and the near elimination of the risk for developing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite effective treatment, HIV-infected individuals have a higher than expected risk of heart, bone, liver, kidney and neurological disease. When used optimally by an infected (or by an uninfected) person, antiretroviral drugs can virtually eliminate the risk of HIV transmission. Despite major advances in prevention sciences, HIV transmission remains common in many vulnerable populations, including men who have sex with men, injection drug users and sex workers. Owing to a lack of widespread HIV testing and the costs and toxicities associated with antiretroviral drugs, the majority of the infected population is not on effective antiretroviral therapy. To reverse the pandemic, improved prevention, treatment and implementation approaches are necessary.
          Article 0 comments Cited 154 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            HIV prevalence in China: integration of surveillance data and a systematic review.

            Lei Zhang, Eric Chow, Jun Jing … (2013)
            Asian HIV epidemics are concentrated among particular behavioural groups, but large variations exist in epidemic types, timing, and geographical spread between countries and within countries, especially in China. We aimed to understand the complexity of HIV epidemics in China by systematically analysing prevalence trends by data source, region, population group, and time period. We collected HIV prevalence data from official national sentinel surveillance sites at the provincial level from Jan 1, 1995, to Dec 31, 2010. We also searched PubMed, VIP Chinese Journal Database (VIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data from Jan 1, 1990, to Dec 31, 2012, for independent studies of HIV prevalence. We integrated both sets of data, and used an intraclass correlation coefficient test to assess the similarity of geographical pattern of HIV disease burden across 31 Chinese provinces in 2010. We investigated prevalence trends (and 95% CIs) to infer corresponding incidence by region, population group, and year. Of 6850 articles identified by the search strategy, 821 studies (384,583 drug users, 52,356 injecting drug users, 186,288 female sex workers, and 87,834 men who have sex with men) met the inclusion criteria. Official surveillance data and findings from independent studies showed a very similar geographical distribution and magnitude of HIV epidemics across China. We noted that HIV epidemics among injecting drug users are decreasing in all regions outside southwest China and have stabilised at a high level in northwest China. Compared with injecting drug users, HIV prevalence in female sex workers is much lower and has stabilised at low levels in all regions except in the southwest. In 2010, national HIV prevalence was 9·08% (95% CI 8·04-10·52) in injecting drug users and 0·36% (0·12-0·71) in female sex workers, whereas incidence in both populations stabilised at rates of 0·57 (0·43-0·72) and 0·02 (0·01-0·04) per 100 person-years, respectively. By comparison, HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men increased from 1·77% (1·26-2·57) in 2000, to 5·98% (4·43-8·18) in 2010, with a national incidence of 0·98 (0·70-1·25) per 100 person-years in 2010. We recorded strong associations between HIV prevalence among at-risk populations in each province, supporting the existence of overlap in risk behaviours and mixing among these populations. HIV epidemics in China remain concentrated in injecting drug users, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men. HIV prevalence is especially high in southwest China. Sex between men has clearly become the main route of HIV transmission. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Review of sampling hard-to-reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance

              Keith Sabin, Tobi Saidel, Douglas D Heckathorn … (2005)
              Article 0 comments Cited 76 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zhuang Cui: ZhuangCui417@126.com
                Changping Li: ChangpingLi417@126.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Public Health
                Title: BMC Public Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 October 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 20 October 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 21
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1900
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.464467.3, STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, , Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, ; Tianjin, China
                [2 ]The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, Guizhou China
                [3 ]GRID grid.265021.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9792 1228, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, , Tianjin Medical University, ; Tianjin, China
                [4 ]GRID grid.508379.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1756 6326, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, ; Beijing, China
                [5 ]GAP Program Office of US CDC, Atlanta, GA USA
                [6 ]Tianjin Shenlan Public Health Counseling Service Center, Tianjin, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 11948
                DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11948-6
                PMC ID: 8527634
                PubMed ID: 34670542
                SO-VID: da19581e-1c77-4c5c-9a42-51696cc2a37d
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 7 October 2020
                Date accepted : 8 October 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief, PEPFAR, USA
                Award ID: NU2GGH001153
                Funded by: The Humanities and Social Science Fund of the Ministry of Education, China
                Award ID: 20YJAZH021
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: hiv testing,hiv,men who have sex with men,hiv testing frequency
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: hiv testing, hiv, men who have sex with men, hiv testing frequency

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