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      Acculturation and Nutritional Health of Immigrants in Canada: A Scoping Review

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          Abstract

          Although recent immigrants to Canada are healthier than Canadian born (i.e., the Healthy Immigrant Effect), they experience a deterioration in their health status which is partly due to transitions in dietary habits. Since pathways to these transitions are under-documented, this scoping review aims to identify knowledge gaps and research priorities related to immigrant nutritional health. A total of 49 articles were retrieved and reviewed using electronic databases and a stakeholder consultation was undertaken to consolidate findings. Overall, research tends to confirm the Healthy Immigrant Effect and suggests that significant knowledge gaps in nutritional health persist, thereby creating a barrier to the advancement of health promotion and the achievement of maximum health equity. Five research priorities were identified including (1) risks and benefits associated with traditional/ethnic foods; (2) access and outreach to immigrants; (3) mechanisms and coping strategies for food security; (4) mechanisms of food choice in immigrant families; and (5) health promotion strategies that work for immigrant populations.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9823-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature.

          Scoping studies are increasingly undertaken as distinct activities. The interpretation, methodology and expectations of scoping are highly variable. This suggests that conceptually, scoping is a poorly defined ambiguous term. The distinction between scoping as an integral preliminary process in the development of a research proposal or a formative, methodologically rigorous activity in its own right has not been extensively examined. The aim of this review is to explore the nature and status of scoping studies within the nursing literature and develop a working definition to ensure consistency in the future use of scoping as a research related activity. This paper follows an interpretative scoping review methodology. An explicit systematic search strategy included literary and web-based key word searches and advice from key researchers. Electronic sources included bibliographic and national research register databases and a general browser. The scoping studies varied widely in terms of intent, procedural and methodological rigor. An atheoretical stance was common although explicit conceptual clarification and development of a topic was limited. Four different levels of inquiry ranging from preliminary descriptive surveys to more substantive conceptual approaches were conceptualised. These levels reflected differing dimensional distinctions in which some activities constitute research whereas in others the scoping activities appear to fall outside the remit of research. Reconnaissance emerges as a common synthesising construct to explain the purpose of scoping. Scoping studies in relation to nursing are embryonic and continue to evolve. Its main strengths lie in its ability to extract the essence of a diverse body of evidence giving it meaning and significance that is both developmental and intellectually creative. As with other approaches to research and evidence synthesis a more standardized approach is required.
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            Perceived Racial Discrimination, Depression, and Coping: A Study of Southeast Asian Refugees in Canada

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              A systematic review of the relationship between acculturation and diet among Latinos in the United States: implications for future research.

              Dietary intake is an important determinant of obesity and numerous chronic health conditions. A healthful diet is an essential component of chronic disease self-management. Researchers have indicated that the healthfulness of the Latino diet deteriorates during the acculturation process. However, given the many operationalizations of acculturation, conclusive evidence regarding this relationship is still lacking. This comprehensive and systematic literature review examines the relationship between acculturation and diet by examining national, quantitative, and qualitative studies involving Latinos living in the United States. Studies of diet included those that examined dietary intake using one of several validated measures (eg, food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour dietary recall, or dietary screener) and/or dietary behaviors (eg, away-from-home-eating and fat avoidance). Articles were identified through two independent searches yielding a final sample of 34 articles. Articles were abstracted by two independent reviewers and inter-rater reliability was assessed. Analyses examined the extent to which various measures of acculturation (ie, acculturation score, years in the United States, birthplace, generational status, and language use) were associated with macronutrient intake, micronutrient intake, and dietary behaviors. Several relationships were consistent irrespective of how acculturation was measured: no relationship with intake of dietary fat and percent energy from fat; the less vs more acculturated consumed more fruit, rice, beans, and less sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages. Additional observed relationships depended on the measure of acculturation used in the study. These findings suggest a differential influence of acculturation on diet, requiring greater specificity in our dietary interventions by acculturation status.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                613-562-5800 , 613-562-5632 , dsanou@uottawa.ca
                Journal
                J Immigr Minor Health
                J Immigr Minor Health
                Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
                Springer US (Boston )
                1557-1912
                1557-1920
                18 April 2013
                18 April 2013
                2014
                : 16
                : 24-34
                Affiliations
                [ ]Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Thompson Hall—35 University Private (room 036), Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
                [ ]Nutrition Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
                [ ]United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Pétion-Ville, Haiti
                [ ]Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
                [ ]School of Political Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
                [ ]School of Geography and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
                Article
                9823
                10.1007/s10903-013-9823-7
                3895180
                23595263
                d8e20145-df21-4258-b25f-8d07db1d028e
                © The Author(s) 2013

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

                History
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                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

                Health & Social care
                dietary acculturation,immigrant health,canada,nutrition
                Health & Social care
                dietary acculturation, immigrant health, canada, nutrition

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