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      Ethical Issues in the Design and Conduct of Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Trials in Hemodialysis Care: An Interview Study With Key Stakeholders

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Pragmatic cluster randomized trials (CRTs) offer an opportunity to improve health care by answering important questions about the comparative effectiveness of treatments using a trial design that can be embedded in routine care. There is a lack of empirical research that addresses ethical issues generated by pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis.

          Objective:

          To identify stakeholder perceptions of ethical issues in pragmatic CRTs conducted in hemodialysis.

          Design:

          Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews.

          Setting:

          In-person or telephone interviews with an international group of stakeholders.

          Participants:

          Stakeholders (clinical investigators, methodologists, ethicists and research ethics committee members, and other knowledge users) who had been involved in the design or conduct of a pragmatic individual patient or cluster randomized trial in hemodialysis, or their role would require them to review and evaluate pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis.

          Methods:

          Interviews were conducted in-person or over the telephone and were audio-recorded with consent. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim prior to analysis. Transcripts and field notes were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.

          Results:

          Sixteen interviews were conducted with 19 individuals. Interviewees were largely drawn from North America (84%) and were predominantly clinical investigators (42%). Six themes were identified in which pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis raise ethical issues: (1) patients treated with hemodialysis as a vulnerable population, (2) appropriate approaches to informed consent, (3) research burdens, (4) roles and responsibilities of gatekeepers, (5) inequities in access to research, and (6) advocacy for patient-centered research and outcomes.

          Limitations:

          Participants were largely from North America and did not include research staff, who may have differing perspectives.

          Conclusions:

          The six themes reflect concerns relating to individual rights, but also the need to consider population-level issues. To date, concerns regarding inequity of access to research and the need for patient-centered research have received less coverage than other, well-known, issues such as consent. Pragmatic CRTs offer a potential approach to address equity concerns and we suggest future ethical analyses and guidance for pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis embed equity considerations within them. We further note the potential for the co-creation of health data infrastructure with patients which would aid care but also facilitate patient-centered research. These present results will inform planned future guidance in relation to the ethical design and conduct of pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis.

          Trial Registration:

          Registration is not applicable as this is a qualitative study.

          Abrégé

          Contexte:

          Les essais pragmatiques randomisés par grappes fournissent une occasion d’améliorer les soins parce qu’ils répondent à des questions importantes sur l’efficacité comparative des traitements en utilisant des modèles pouvant être intégrés aux soins courants. On constate toutefois un manque de recherche empirique abordant les questions éthiques générées par ces essais en contexte d’hémodialyse.

          Objectif:

          Connaître le point de vue d’intervenants sur les questions éthiques liées aux essais pragmatiques randomisés par grappes en contexte d’hémodialyse.

          Type d’étude:

          Étude qualitative sous forme d’interviews semi-structurées.

          Cadre:

          Interviews téléphoniques ou en personne avec des intervenants internationaux.

          Participants:

          Des intervenants (chercheurs cliniciens, spécialistes de la méthodologie, éthiciens, membres de comités d’éthique de la recherche et autres utilisateurs de connaissances) impliqués dans la conception ou la conduite d’essais pragmatiques randomisés menés sur un patient individuel, ou un groupe de patients, en contexte d’hémodialyse; ou des individus dont le rôle pourrait les amener à réviser et à évaluer ce type d’essais cliniques.

          Méthodologie:

          Les interviews ont été menées en personne ou au téléphone, et ont été enregistrées avec le consentement des intervenants. Les enregistrements ont été transcrits verbatim pour l’analyse. Les transcriptions et les notes ont été analysées par une approche d’analyse thématique.

          Résultats:

          Seize interviews ont été menées auprès de 19 intervenants, principalement des chercheurs cliniciens (42%) provenant en grande majorité d’Amérique du Nord (84 %). Ces discussions ont dégagé six thèmes pour lesquels les essais pragmatiques randomisés par grappes soulèvent des questions éthiques en contexte d’hémodialyse: 1) les patients hémodialysés en tant que population vulnérable; 2) les approches appropriées en matière de consentement éclairé; 3) la charge de la recherche; 4) les rôles et responsabilités des personnes responsables; 5) les inégalités dans l’accès à la recherche, et; 6) la promotion de la recherche et des résultats axés sur les patients.

          Limites:

          Les participants provenaient très majoritairement d’Amérique du Nord et aucun membre du personnel de recherche n’a été questionné, ceux-ci auraient pu fournir un point de vue différent.

          Conclusions:

          Les six thèmes rendent compte de préoccupations relatives aux droits individuels, mais indiquent également la nécessité de se pencher sur les enjeux relatifs à la population. À ce jour, les questions concernant l’inégalité dans l’accès à la recherche et la nécessité de faire de la recherche axée sur les patients ont reçu moins d’attention que d’autres enjeux notoires comme le consentement. Les essais pragmatiques randomisés par grappes constituent une approche susceptible d’aborder les questions d’équité; nous suggérons que les futures analyses et orientations éthiques intègrent des considérations d’équité à ce type d’essais en contexte d’hémodialyse. Nous notons également un potentiel pour la co-création d’une infrastructure de données sur la santé avec les patients, ce qui améliorerait les soins tout en facilitant la recherche axée sur les patients. Ces résultats éclaireront les orientations futures pour la conception et la conduite éthique d’essais pragmatiques randomisés par grappes menés en contexte d’hémodialyse.

          L’enregistrement n’est pas nécessaire puisqu’il s’agit d’une étude qualitative.

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          Most cited references51

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found

          Global kidney health 2017 and beyond: a roadmap for closing gaps in care, research, and policy

          The global nephrology community recognises the need for a cohesive plan to address the problem of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In July, 2016, the International Society of Nephrology hosted a CKD summit of more than 85 people with diverse expertise and professional backgrounds from around the globe. The purpose was to identify and prioritise key activities for the next 5-10 years in the domains of clinical care, research, and advocacy and to create an action plan and performance framework based on ten themes: strengthen CKD surveillance; tackle major risk factors for CKD; reduce acute kidney injury-a special risk factor for CKD; enhance understanding of the genetic causes of CKD; establish better diagnostic methods in CKD; improve understanding of the natural course of CKD; assess and implement established treatment options in patients with CKD; improve management of symptoms and complications of CKD; develop novel therapeutic interventions to slow CKD progression and reduce CKD complications; and increase the quantity and quality of clinical trials in CKD. Each group produced a prioritised list of goals, activities, and a set of key deliverable objectives for each of the themes. The intended users of this action plan are clinicians, patients, scientists, industry partners, governments, and advocacy organisations. Implementation of this integrated comprehensive plan will benefit people who are at risk for or affected by CKD worldwide.
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            Is Open Access

            Researchers’ perceptions of ethical challenges in cluster randomized trials: a qualitative analysis

            Background Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) pose ethical challenges for investigators and ethics committees. This study describes the views and experiences of CRT researchers with respect to: (1) ethical challenges in CRTs; (2) the ethics review process for CRTs; and (3) the need for comprehensive ethics guidelines for CRTs. Methods Descriptive qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with a purposive sample of 20 experienced CRT researchers. Results Informants expressed concern over the potential for bias that may result from requirements to obtain informed consent from research participants in CRTs. Informants suggested that the need for informed consent ought to be related to the type of intervention under study in a CRT. Informants rarely expressed concern regarding risks to research participants in CRTs, other than risks to privacy. Important issues identified in the research ethics literature, including fair subject selection and other justice issues, were not mentioned by informants. The ethics review process has had positive and negative impacts on CRT conduct. Informants stated that variability in ethics review between jurisdictions, and increasingly stringent ethics review in recent years, have hampered their ability to conduct CRTs. Many informants said that comprehensive ethics guidelines for CRTs would be helpful to researchers and research ethics committees. Conclusions Informants identified key ethical challenges in the conduct of CRTs, specifically relating to identifying subjects, seeking informed consent, and the use of gatekeepers. These data have since been used to identify topics for in-depth ethical analysis and to guide the development of comprehensive ethics guidelines for CRTs.
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              Developing a Set of Core Outcomes for Trials in Hemodialysis: An International Delphi Survey

              Survival and quality of life for patients on hemodialysis therapy remain poor despite substantial research efforts. Existing trials often report surrogate outcomes that may not be relevant to patients and clinicians. The aim of this project was to generate a consensus-based prioritized list of core outcomes for trials in hemodialysis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                26 October 2020
                2020
                : 7
                : 2054358120964119
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
                [2 ]Department of Philosophy, Western University, London, Canada
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
                [4 ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada
                [5 ]School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
                [6 ]Jindal Research Chair for the Prevention of Kidney Disease, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
                [7 ]Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada
                [8 ]Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
                [9 ]Research Ethics and Compliance, Western University, London, Canada
                [10 ]Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
                [11 ]Division of Nephrology- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
                [12 ]Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Stuart G. Nicholls, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Room 2-013, Administrative Services Building-2, Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9. Email: snicholls@ 123456ohri.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-9069
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-2214
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3398-3114
                Article
                10.1177_2054358120964119
                10.1177/2054358120964119
                7597560
                d69c93ac-3ac7-4c48-b9b2-6f094de01ca8
                © The Author(s) 2020

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 25 March 2020
                : 10 August 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Canada Research Chairs, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001804;
                Award ID: Canada Research Chair in Health Knowledge Transfer
                Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000024;
                Award ID: SPOR Innovative Clinical Trial Multi-Year Grant,
                Categories
                Original Clinical Research Qualitative
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2020
                ts1

                cluster randomized trials,research ethics,informed consent,equity,patient-oriented research

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