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      A county-level analysis of association between social vulnerability and COVID-19 cases in Khuzestan Province, Iran

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          Abstract

          Social vulnerability is related to the differential abilities of socio-economic groups to withstand and respond to the adverse impacts of hazards and stressors. COVID-19, as a human risk, is influenced by and contributes to social vulnerability. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between social vulnerability and the prevalence of COVID-19 infection in the counties of Khuzestan province, Iran. To determine the social vulnerability of the counties in the Khuzestan province, decision-making techniques and geographic information systems were employed. Also, the Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationship between the two variables. The findings indicate that Ahvaz county and the province's northeastern counties have the highest levels of social vulnerability. There was no significant link between the social vulnerability index of the counties and the rate of COVID-19 cases (per 1000 persons). We argue that all counties in the province should implement and pursue COVID-19 control programs and policies. This is particularly essential for counties with greater rates of social vulnerability and COVID-19 cases.

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          The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management

          Ayyoob Sharifi, Amir Reza Khavarian-Garmsir (2020)
          Since the early days of the COVID-19 crisis the scientific community has constantly been striving to shed light on various issues such as the mechanisms driving the spread of the virus, its environmental and socio-economic impacts, and necessary recovery and adaptation plans and policies. Given the high concentration of population and economic activities in cities, they are often hotspots of COVID-19 infections. Accordingly, many researchers are struggling to explore the dynamics of the pandemic in urban areas to understand impacts of COVID-19 on cities. In this study we seek to provide an overview of COVID-19 research related to cities by reviewing literature published during the first eight months after the first confirmed cases were reported in Wuhan, China. The main aims are to understand impacts of the pandemic on cities and to highlight major lessons that can be learned for post-COVID urban planning and design. Results show that, in terms of thematic focus, early research on the impacts of COVID-19 on cities is mainly related to four major themes, namely, (1) environmental quality, (2) socio-economic impacts, (3) management and governance, and (4) transportation and urban design. While this indicates a diverse research agenda, the first theme that is consisted of issues related to air quality, meteorological parameters, and water quality is dominant, and the others are still relatively underexplored. Improvements in air and water quality in cities during lockdown periods highlight the significant environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities and provide a wake-up call to adopt environmentally friendly development pathways. The paper also provides other recommendation related to the socio-economic factors, urban management and governance, and transportation and urban design that can be used for post-COVID urban planning and design. Overall, existing knowledge shows that the COVID-19 crisis entails an excellent opportunity for planners and policy makers to take transformative actions towards creating cities that are more just, resilient, and sustainable.
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            Disparities in the Population at Risk of Severe Illness From COVID-19 by Race/Ethnicity and Income

            Matthew Raifman, Julia Raifman (2020)
            INTRODUCTION Identifying those at heightened risk of severe illness from novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential for modeling disease, designing return-to-work criteria, allocating economic assistance, advancing health equity, and limiting morbidity and mortality. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified criteria associated with risk of severe complications from COVID-19 infection (Appendix Table 1). 1 Structural inequities have shaped racial, ethnic, and income disparities for many of these criteria. To date, there has been limited analysis of the proportion of the population at risk in the U.S. based on these criteria, 2 or risk factors by race/ethnicity or income. Preliminary national data on cases by race/ethnicity suggest that disparities in hospitalization are already developing. 3 Quantifying disparities in risk is important for allocating resources to prevent, identify, and treat COVID-19-related severe illness and limit diverging outcomes for already vulnerable subgroups. METHODS The authors used data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a nationally representative survey of >400,000 adults. This study estimated the proportion of adults that have at least one of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for risk of severe illness from COVID-19 (hereafter “higher risk”) (Appendix Table 1) by age group, and by race/ethnicity and household income ( 65 years (63% vs 52%, PR=1.21, 95% CI=1.18, 1.24) (Appendix Table 9). DISCUSSION People who are black, American Indian, or live in low-income households are more likely to have conditions associated with increased risk of illness from COVID-19 relative to those who are white or higher income, respectively. These inequities in risk are compounded by structural disparities in access to medical insurance, 4 wealth, and income volatility. 5 Structural inequities also contribute to heightened exposure to COVID-19. Minorities and people living in low-income households are more likely to work in industries that have remained open during non-essential business closures. 6 They are also more likely to live in crowded conditions 7 and multigenerational households that may elevate exposure and limit options for quarantining family members. It is vital that these race/ethnicity and income disparities in risk be considered in physical distancing policies and other protective measures, particularly for those who work in essential industries. Rationing resources based on comorbidities may exacerbate inequities, whereas prioritizing vaccine delivery on risk may reduce deaths and disparities. Data availability in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a limiting factor; the data do not include all risk criteria and only capture respondents who were aware of their condition. These estimates represent a lower bound of adults at risk of severe illness. It is possible that risk is not uniform and those with multiple factors may be at higher risk. This would be further evidence of race/ethnicity and income disparities.
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              Social Vulnerability and Racial Inequality in COVID-19 Deaths in Chicago

              Sage Kim, Wendy Bostwick (2020)
              Although the current COVID-19 crisis is felt globally, at the local level, COVID-19 has disproportionately affected poor, highly segregated African American communities in Chicago. To understand the emerging pattern of racial inequality in the effects of COVID-19, we examined the relative burden of social vulnerability and health risk factors. We found significant spatial clusters of social vulnerability and risk factors, both of which are significantly associated with the increased COVID-19-related death rate. We also found that a higher percentage of African Americans was associated with increased levels of social vulnerability and risk factors. In addition, the proportion of African American residents has an independent effect on the COVID-19 death rate. We argue that existing inequity is often highlighted in emergency conditions. The disproportionate effects of COVID-19 in African American communities are a reflection of racial inequality and social exclusion that existed before the COVID-19 crisis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Disaster Risk Reduct
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Disaster Risk Reduct
                Title: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2212-4209
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 December 2022
                Publication date (Print): January 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 December 2022
                Volume: 84
                Page: 103495
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran
                [b ]Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
                [c ]Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
                [d ]Hiroshima University, ،The IDEC Institute, the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Science, and the Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability (NERPS), Japan
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. 1Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2212-4209(22)00714-2 Publisher ID: 103495
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103495
                PMC ID: 9747688
                PubMed ID: 36532873
                SO-VID: d6690cba-6417-41ad-9ff7-4abeca52d113
                Copyright © © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 5 July 2022
                Date revision received : 11 December 2022
                Date accepted : 11 December 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: social vulnerability,covid-19,multi-criteria decision making techniques,community resilience,gis,urban resilience
                Data availability:
                Keywords: social vulnerability, covid-19, multi-criteria decision making techniques, community resilience, gis, urban resilience

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