[1
]Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
[2
]Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University,
Canada
[3
]Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen,
Denmark
[4
]Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SSAI)
[5
]Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud Bin
Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research
Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
[6
]Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Montefiore Healthcare System/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx,
New York, USA
[7
]Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine and the Institute of Health Policy,
Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
[8
]Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
[9
]Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
[10
]Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
University, the Netherlands
[11
]Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
[12
]Department of Pharmacy, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving
Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
[13
]Medical ICU, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
[14
]Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
[15
]Department of Anesthesia and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
[16
]Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center,
Rozzano, Milan, Italy
[17
]Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
[18
]Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University
of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
[19
]Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and
Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
USA
[20
]Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
[21
]Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab
Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
[22
]Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada
[23
]Microbiology and Infection control, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation
Trust & St George’s University of London, London, UK
[24
]Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
[25
]Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
[26
]Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University
of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
[27
]GUIDE Research Methods Group, Hamilton, Canada (
https://guidecanada.org)
[28
]Houston Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
[29
]Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
[30
]Department of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Milano, Italy
[31
]ASST-Monza, Desio and San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
[32
]Department of Emergency Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
[33
]Director, Research & Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health,
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
[34
]Critical Care Division, The George Institute for Global Health and UNSW Sydney, Australia
[35
]Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
[36
]Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine,
University of, Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
[37
]Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington,
USA
[38
]Adult Critical Care, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust & St George’s
University of London, London, UK
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