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      Relationship between bilingualism and Alzheimer’s

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Abstract This paper compiles several studies that show the relationship between bilingualism and Alzheimer’s disease. Studies here compiled were independently carried out between 1991 and 2012 in the United States, in Canada, in the United Kingdom, in India and in Sweden. the paper reviews the results of studies that show that the time elapsed between early Alzheimer’s diagnosis and the actual appearance of telltale symptom is up to five years longer in elderly bilinguals than in elderly monolinguals. Cradle bilinguals benefit most from bilingualism but language learning in adulthood can also benefits speakers. These and related scientific facts are compiled. Reports of scientific research are presented, and its conclusions are summarized.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Este paper recompila estudios que muestran la relación existente entre el bilingüismo y el mal de Alzheimer. Los estudios se realizaron independientemente entre 1991 y 2012 en Estados Unidos, en el Canadá, en el Reino Unido, en la India y en Suecia. El paper revisa los resultados de estos estudios que muestran que el tiempo que transcurre entre el diagnóstico precoz de Alzheimer’s y la presentación de los primeros síntomas es hasta cinco años más demorado en ancianos bilingües que en ancianos monolingües. Quienes más se benefician del bilingüismo son los que han sido bilingües desde la cuna, pero también se ha demostrado que se benefician los hablantes que aprenden idiomas en la adultez. Tanto estos como otros hechos científicos relacionados se presentan y se resumen sus conclusiones.

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          Most cited references70

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          What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept.

          The idea of reserve against brain damage stems from the repeated observation that there does not appear to be a direct relationship between the degree of brain pathology or brain damage and the clinical manifestation of that damage. This paper attempts to develop a coherent theoretical account of reserve. One convenient subdivision of reserve models revolves around whether they envision reserve as a passive process, such as in brain reserve or threshold, or see the brain as actively attempting to cope with or compensate for pathology, as in cognitive reserve. Cognitive reserve may be based on more efficient utilization of brain networks or of enhanced ability to recruit alternate brain networks as needed. A distinction is suggested between reserve, the ability to optimize or maximize normal performance, and compensation, an attempt to maximize performance in the face of brain damage by using brain structures or networks not engaged when the brain is not damaged. Epidemiologic and imaging data that help to develop and support the concept of reserve are presented.
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            Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain.

            Building on earlier evidence showing a beneficial effect of bilingualism on children's cognitive development, we review recent studies using both behavioral and neuroimaging methods to examine the effects of bilingualism on cognition in adulthood and explore possible mechanisms for these effects. This research shows that bilingualism has a somewhat muted effect in adulthood but a larger role in older age, protecting against cognitive decline, a concept known as 'cognitive reserve'. We discuss recent evidence that bilingualism is associated with a delay in the onset of symptoms of dementia. Cognitive reserve is a crucial research area in the context of an aging population; the possibility that bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve is therefore of growing importance as populations become increasingly diverse. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Axonal damage: a key predictor of outcome in human CNS diseases.

              Axonal damage has recently been recognized to be a key predictor of outcome in a number of diverse human CNS diseases, including head and spinal cord trauma, metabolic encephalopathies, multiple sclerosis and other white-matter diseases (acute haemorrhagic leucoencephalitis, leucodystrophies and central pontine myelinolysis), infections [malaria, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and infection with human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) causing HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)] and subcortical ischaemic damage. The evidence for axonal damage and, where available, its correlation with neurological outcome in each of these conditions is reviewed. We consider the possible pathogenetic mechanisms involved and how increasing understanding of these may lead to more effective therapeutic or preventive interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sdn
                Suma de Negocios
                suma neg.
                Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                2215-910X
                2027-5692
                July 2014
                : 5
                : spe11
                : 126-133
                Affiliations
                [1] Guayas orgnameUniversidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo Ecuador
                [2] Guayas orgnameUniversidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo Ecuador tortegac@ 123456uees.edu.ec
                Article
                S2215-910X2014000300126 S2215-910X(14)00501100126
                10.1016/s2215-910x(14)70027-8
                d518e2ea-5911-4b7a-94fa-aadc46e55ed4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 October 2014
                : 30 October 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Review article

                cognitivo.,corteza cerebral,hipocampo,síntomas,Alzheimer’s,bilingüismo,cognitive,cerebral cortex,hippocampus,symptoms,bilingualism

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