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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Electronic, pub):
      Journal: eLife
      Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
      Keywords: inflammation, microbiome, lipocalin, Aeromonas, mutualism, AimA, Zebrafish

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          Abstract

          Aeromonas bacteria living in the gut of zebrafish produce a specific molecule to pacify the immune system of their host.

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          The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota.

          June Round, S Lee, Jennifer Li … (2011)
          Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4(+) T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.
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            The zebrafish as a model to study intestinal inflammation.

            Sylvia Brugman (2016)
            Starting out as a model for developmental biology, during the last decade, zebrafish have also gained the attention of the immunologists and oncologists. Due to its small size, high fecundity and full annotation of its genome, the zebrafish is an attractive model system. The fact that fish are transparent early in life combined with the growing list of immune cell reporter fish, enables in vivo tracking of immune responses in a complete organism. Since zebrafish develop ex utero from a fertilized egg, immune development can be monitored from the start of life. Given that several gut functions and immune genes are conserved between zebrafish and mammals, the zebrafish is an interesting model organism to investigate fundamental processes underlying intestinal inflammation and injury. This review will first provide some background on zebrafish intestinal development, bacterial colonization and immunity, showing the similarities and differences compared to mammals. This will be followed by an overview of the existing models for intestinal disease, and concluded by future perspectives in light of the newest technologies and insights.
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              A place for host-microbe symbiosis in the comparative physiologist's toolbox.

              Kevin Kohl, Hannah V Carey (2016)
              Although scientists have long appreciated that metazoans evolved in a microbial world, we are just beginning to appreciate the profound impact that host-associated microbes have on diverse aspects of animal biology. The enormous growth in our understanding of host-microbe symbioses is rapidly expanding the study of animal physiology, both technically and conceptually. Microbes associate functionally with various body surfaces of their hosts, although most reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbes convert dietary and host-derived substrates to metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, thereby providing energy and nutrients to the host. Bacterial metabolites incorporated into the host metabolome can activate receptors on a variety of cell types and, in doing so, alter host physiology (including metabolism, organ function, biological rhythms, neural activity and behavior). Given that host-microbe interactions affect diverse aspects of host physiology, it is likely that they influence animal ecology and, if they confer fitness benefits, the evolutionary trajectory of a species. Multiple variables - including sampling regime, environmental parameters, host metadata and analytical methods - can influence experimental outcomes in host-microbiome studies, making careful experimental design and execution crucial to ensure reproducible and informative studies in the laboratory and field. Integration of microbiomes into comparative physiology and ecophysiological investigations can reveal the potential impacts of the microbiota on physiological responses to changing environments, and is likely to bring valuable insights to the study of host-microbiome interactions among a broad range of metazoans, including humans.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                François Leulier:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4542-3053
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): eLife
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Elife
                Journal ID (publisher-id): eLife
                Title: eLife
                Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
                ISSN (Electronic): 2050-084X
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 06 November 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e42676
                Affiliations
                [1 ]deptInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1 LyonFrance
                [2 ]deptInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon LyonFrance
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-6099
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4542-3053
                Article
                Publisher ID: 42676
                DOI: 10.7554/eLife.42676
                PMC ID: 6219841
                PubMed ID: 30398150
                SO-VID: d4d3e354-0629-4803-92ad-58ff9be10d0e
                Copyright © © 2018, Matos et al
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 31 October 2018
                Date accepted : 31 October 2018
                Related
                Categories
                Subject: Insight
                Subject: Immunology and Inflammation
                Subject: Microbiology and Infectious Disease
                Subject: Gut Microbiome
                Custom metadata
                Author impact statement Aeromonas bacteria living in the gut of zebrafish produce a specific molecule to pacify the immune system of their host.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: inflammation,microbiome,lipocalin,aeromonas,mutualism,aima,zebrafish
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: inflammation, microbiome, lipocalin, aeromonas, mutualism, aima, zebrafish

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