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      Effects of Bathing Skills Training on Independence and Satisfaction of Older Adults Living in a Nursing Home: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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          Abstract

          Background

          Dependence in bathing is the most common activities of daily living (ADLs) dependency among older adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bathing skills training on the independence and satisfaction of older adults living in nursing homes.

          Methods

          In this randomized controlled trial, 80 participants were assigned randomly to the intervention (n = 40) and control groups (n = 40). The intervention group received 10 weekly bathing skills training sessions, with each session lasting about 60 minutes, while the control group received no direct training. The evaluation was conducted using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Analysis of variance for repeated measurements was used to test the effect of intervention at the baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up.

          Results

          The mean improvement in the MBI was greater for the intervention group ( P < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.34), which remained significant at the follow-up ( P < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.41). The greater mean change of the COPM–Performance was significant in the intervention group ( P < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.17), which remained significant at the follow-up ( P < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.19). The greater mean improvement of the COPM–Satisfaction was observed for the intervention group ( P < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.36), which remained at the follow-up ( P = 0.001; partial η2 = 0.42).

          Conclusion

          Bathing skills training is effective in improving the ADLs independence and satisfaction in older adults living in nursing homes; thus, it is recommended to be included in the schedules of nursing homes.

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          Most cited references32

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          Optimising costs in reducing rate of falls in older people with the improvement of balance by means of vestibular rehabilitation (ReFOVeRe study): a randomized controlled trial comparing computerised dynamic posturography vs mobile vibrotactile posturography system

          Andrés Soto-Varela, Pilar Gayoso-Diz, Ana Faraldo-García … (2019)
          Background Accidental falls, especially for the elderly, are a major health issue. Balance disorders are one of their main causes. Vestibular rehabilitation (VR) has proven to be useful in improving balance of elderly patients with instability. Its major handicap is probably its cost, which has prevented its generalisation. So, we have designed a clinical trial with posturographic VR, to assess the optimum number of sessions necessary for a substantial improvement and to compare computerised dynamic posturography (CDP) (visual feedback) and mobile posturography (vibrotactile feedback). Methods Design: randomized controlled trial. It is an experimental study, single-center, open, randomized (balanced blocks of patients) in four branches in parallel, in 220 elderly patients with high risk of falls; follow-up period: twelve months. Setting: Department of Otorhinolaryngology of a tertiary referral hospital. Participants: people over 65 years, fulfilling two or more of the following requirements: a) at least one fall in the last twelve months. b) take at least 16 s or require some support in perform the “timed up and go” test. c) a percentage of average balance in the sensory organization test (SOT) of the CDP  60%. Intervention: Four differents protocols of vestibular rehabilitation (randomization of the patients). Main outcome measure: The percentage of average balance in the SOT-CDP. Secondary measures: time and supports in the “timed up and go” test, scores of the CDP and Vertiguard, and rate of falls. Discussion Posturographic VR has been proven to be useful for improving balance and reducing the number of falls among the aged. However, its elevated cost has limited its use. It is possible to implement two strategies that improve the cost-benefit of posturography. The first involves optimising the number of rehabilitation sessions; the second is based on the use of cheaper posturography systems. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03034655. Registered on 25 January 2017.
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            Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process—Fourth Edition

            (2020)
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              Prosodic processing post traumatic brain injury - a systematic review

              Gabriela Ilie, Michael D Cusimano, Wenshan Li (2017)
              Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors often report difficulties with understanding and producing paralinguistic cues, as well as understanding and producing basic communication tasks. However, a large range of communicative deficits in this population cannot be adequately explained by linguistic impairment. The review examines prosodic processing performance post-TBI, its relationship with injury severity, brain injury localization, recovery and co-occurring psychiatric or mental health issues post-TBI Methods A systematic review using several databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, LLBA (Linguistics and Language Behaviour Abstract) and Web of Science (January 1980 to May 2015), as well as a manual search of the cited references of the selected articles and the search cited features of PubMed was performed. The search was limited to comparative analyses between individuals who had a TBI and non-injured individuals (control). The review included studies assessing prosodic processing outcomes after TBI has been formally diagnosed. Articles that measured communication disorders, prosodic impairments, aphasia, and recognition of various aspects of prosody were included. Methods of summary included study characteristics, sample characteristics, demographics, auditory processing task, age at injury, brain localization of the injury, time elapsed since TBI, reports between TBI and mental health, socialization and employment difficulties. There were no limitations to the population size, age or gender. Results were reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. Two raters evaluated the quality of the articles in the search, extracted data using data abstraction forms and assessed the external and internal validity of the studies included using STROBE criteria. Agreement between the two raters was very high (Cohen’s kappa = .89, P < 0.001). Results are reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results A systematic review of 5212 records between 1980 and 2015 revealed 206 potentially eligible studies and 8 case-control studies (3 perspective and 5 retrospective) met inclusion and exclusion criteria for content and quality. Performance on prosodic processing tasks was found to be impaired among all participants with a history of TBI (ages ranged from 8 to 70 years old), compared to those with no history of TBI, in all eight studies examined. Compared with controls, individuals with a history of TBI had statistically significantly slower reaction time in identifying emotions from prosody and impaired processing of prosodic information that is muffled, non-sense, competing, or in conflict (prosody versus semantics). Heterogeneous findings on correlations between specific brain locations and prosodic processing impairment were reported. Psychiatric issues, employment status or social integration post-TBI were scarcely reported but, when reported, they co-occurred with a history of TBI and prosodic impairments. Conclusions The current review confirms the relationship between impaired prosodic processing and history of TBI. Future studies should collect and report comprehensive details about severity of TBI, location of brain injury and time elapsed since injury, as they could key influence factors to the extent of prosodic processing impairments and recovery from auditory processing impairments post-TBI. The exploration of prosodic processing tasks as a possible neuropsychological marker of TBI diagnosis and recovery is warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med J Islam Repub Iran
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med J Islam Repub Iran
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Med J Islam Repub Iran
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MJIRI
                Title: Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
                Publisher: Iran University of Medical Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 1016-1430
                ISSN (Electronic): 2251-6840
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 September 2023
                Volume: 37
                Electronic Location Identifier: 103
                Affiliations
                1Department of Occupational Therapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
                2Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Environmental Technology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Mohammad Khayatzadeh-Mahani, mahany@ 123456ajums.ac.ir
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5313-4243
                Article
                DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.37.103
                PMC ID: 10657268
                SO-VID: d496f2c3-9852-4955-86d2-5a53e8a7337e
                Copyright © © 2023 Iran University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-ShareAlike 1.0 License (CC BY-NC-SA 1.0), which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

                History
                Date received : 9 October 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: baths,training,activities of daily living,older adults,nursing homes,satisfaction
                Data availability:
                Keywords: baths, training, activities of daily living, older adults, nursing homes, satisfaction

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