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      The impact of group psychological abuse on distress: the mediating role of social functioning and resilience Translated title: El impacto del abuso psicológico en grupos en el malestar: el rol mediador de la adaptación social y la resiliencia Translated title: 团体心理虐待对痛苦的影响:社会功能和心理韧性的中介作用

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          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Previous studies indicate that social functioning and resilience can mitigate the adverse psychological effects of interpersonal violence. Unfortunately, the role of these variables has not been studied in survivors of groups, organizations, and communities in which psychological abusive strategies are inflicted to recruit and dominate their members.

          Objective

          To examine the mediating role of social functioning and resilience in the relationship between psychological abuse experienced in the past while in a group and current psychosocial distress and psychopathological symptoms.

          Method

          In this cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire was administered to 794 English-speaking former members of different kinds of groups, such as religious, pseudo therapeutic, pyramid scheme groups, and others. Among them, 499 were victims of group psychological abuse and 295 were non-victims.

          Results

          Victims of group psychological abuse reported lower levels of social functioning and resilience than non-victims, and higher levels of psychosocial difficulties and psychopathological symptoms. Serial mediation analyses revealed that social functioning and resilience mediated part of the impact of group psychological abuse on psychosocial difficulties and psychopathological symptoms. Sex and age joining the group were included as covariates. Participants who had experienced higher levels of group psychological abuse tend to have poorer social functioning, which is related to lower resilience. In turn, lower levels of social functioning and resilience are related with higher distress.

          Conclusions

          This research sheds light on the underlying mechanisms involved in the relationship between group psychological abuse and distress suffered following this kind of traumatic experiences. Findings highlight the protective role of social adjustment, which can help promote and enhance resilience and mitigate psychosocial difficulties and psychopathological symptoms in survivors of group psychological abuse.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • More severe abuse is associated with lower social functioning and resilience.

          • Lower social functioning and resilience are associated with higher distress.

          • Social functioning and resilience may be key aspects in fostering recovery for survivors of group psychological abuse.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Estudios previos indican que la adaptación social y la resiliencia pueden mitigar los efectos psicológicos adversos de situaciones de violencia interpersonal. Desafortunadamente, no se ha estudiado aún el rol de estas variables en supervivientes de grupos, organizaciones y comunidades en las cuales se aplican estrategias de abuso psicológico para reclutar y dominar a sus miembros.

          Objetivo: Examinar el rol mediador de la adaptación social y la resiliencia en la relación entre el abuso psicológico experimentado en un grupo en el pasado y el malestar psicosocial y síntomas psicopatológicos sufridos en la actualidad.

          Método: Se diseñó un estudio transversal y se administró un cuestionario online a 794 personas de habla inglesa exmiembros de grupos de distinta naturaleza, como religiosos, pseudo terapéuticos, de estructura piramidal, u otros. De ellas, 499 fueron víctimas de abuso psicológico en grupo y 295 personas no fueron víctimas.

          Resultados: Las víctimas de abuso psicológico en grupos reportaron menores niveles de adaptación social y resiliencia que las personas que no fueron víctimas, y mayores niveles de dificultades psicosociales y síntomas psicopatológicos. Los análisis de mediación en serie revelaron que la adaptación social y la resiliencia mediaron parte del impacto del abuso psicológico en las dificultades psicosociales y los síntomas psicopatológicos. El sexo y la edad de entrada al grupo fueron introducidos como covariantes. Los participantes que han experimentado mayores niveles de abuso psicológico en grupos tienden a tener menor funcionamiento social, lo que está relacionado con menor resiliencia. En consecuencia, menores niveles de funcionamiento social y resiliencia se relacionan con mayor malestar.

          Conclusiones: Este estudio ayuda a comprender los mecanismos subyacentes implicados en la relación del abuso psicológico en grupos y el malestar sufrido después de este tipo de experiencias traumáticas. Los hallazgos resaltan la importancia del rol protector de la adaptación social, el cual puede ayudar a promover y mejorar la resiliencia y a mitigar las dificultades psicosociales y síntomas psicopatológicos en supervivientes de abuso psicológico en grupos.

          Translated abstract

          背景:先前研究表明, 社会功能和心理韧性可以减轻人际暴力的不利心理影响。不幸的是, 尚未在采用心理虐待策略来招募和支配其成员的团体, 组织和社区的幸存者中研究这些变量的作用。

          目的:考查社会功能和心理韧性在过去在团体中经历的心理虐待与当前社会心理困扰和精神病理学症状之间的关系中的中介作用。

          方法:在本横断面研究中, 对 794 名来自不同类型团体 (例如宗教, 伪治疗, 传销团体等) 的讲英语的前成员进行了在线问卷调查。其中, 团体心理虐待受害者499人, 非受害者295人。

          结果:团体心理虐待的受害者报告的社会功能和心理韧性水平低于非受害者, 而心理社会困难和精神病症状水平更高。系列中介分析显示, 社会功能和心理韧性中介了团体心理虐待对社会心理困难和精神病症状的部分影响。加入该团体的性别和年龄作为协变量纳入。经历过较高程度团体心理虐待的参与者往往具有较差的社会功能, 这与较低的心理韧性有关。反过来, 较低水平的社会功能和心理韧性与较高的痛苦有关。

          结论:本研究揭示了团体心理虐待与此类创伤经历后遭受的痛苦之间关系的潜在机制。研究结果强调了社会适应的保护作用, 这有助于促进和增强团体心理虐待幸存者的心理社会困难和心理病理症状。

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          Most cited references42

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          Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

          Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CD-RISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience.

            Resilience refers to an individual's ability to thrive despite adversity. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Three undergraduate samples (ns < 500) were used to determine the factor structure of the CD-RISC. The first two samples were used to conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the third was used for confirmatory factor analysis. The EFA showed that the CD-RISC had an unstable factor structure across two demographically equivalent samples. A series of empirically driven modifications was made, resulting in a 10-item unidimensional scale that demonstrated good internal consistency and construct validity. Overall, the 10-item CD-RISC displays excellent psychometric properties and allows for efficient measurement of resilience.
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              This is an introductory report for the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a brief psychological self-report symptom scale. The BSI was developed from its longer parent instrument, the SCL-90-R, and psychometric evaluation reveals it to be an acceptable short alternative to the complete scale. Both test--retest and internal consistency reliabilities are shown to be very good for the primary symptom dimensions of the BSI, and its correlations with the comparable dimensions of the SCL-90-R are quite high. In terms of validation, high convergence between BSI scales and like dimensions of the MMPI provide good evidence of convergent validity, and factor analytic studies of the internal structure of the scale contribute evidence of construct validity. Several criterion-oriented validity studies have also been completed with this instrument.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                13 August 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1954776
                Affiliations
                [0001]Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona; , Barcelona, Spain
                Author notes
                CONTACT Álvaro Rodríguez-Carballeira alvaro.rodriguez@ 123456ub.edu Departament de Psicologia Social i Psicologia Quantitativa, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona; , Pg. Vall d’Hebron 171, Barcelona 08035, Spain
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1578-8331
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-1594
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-4596
                Article
                1954776
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1954776
                8366645
                34408819
                d4884b1c-75ef-414e-bc35-00e2ade9b43b
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, References: 42, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                cult survivors,distress,group psychological abuse,interpersonal trauma,psychological violence,resilience,social adjustment,supervivientes de sectas,malestar,abuso psicológico en grupos,trauma interpersonal,violencia psicológica,resiliencia,adaptación social,邪教幸存者,痛苦,团体心理虐待,人际创伤,心理暴力,心理韧性,社会适应

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