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      Red Blood Cells from Individuals with Abdominal Obesity or Metabolic Abnormalities Exhibit Less Deformability upon Entering a Constriction

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          Abstract

          Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) are multifactorial conditions associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus. Previous work has demonstrated that the hemorheological profile is altered in patients with abdominal obesity and MS, as evidenced for example by increased whole blood viscosity. To date, however, no studies have examined red blood cell (RBC) deformability of blood from individuals with obesity or metabolic abnormalities under typical physiological flow conditions. In this study, we pumped RBCs through a constriction in a microfluidic device and used high speed video to visualize and track the mechanical behavior of ~8,000 RBCs obtained from either healthy individuals (n = 5) or obese participants with metabolic abnormalities (OMA) (n = 4). We demonstrate that the OMA+ cells stretched on average about 25% less than the healthy controls. Furthermore, we examined the effects of ingesting a high-fat meal on RBC mechanical dynamics, and found that the postprandial period has only a weak effect on the stretching dynamics exhibited by OMA+ cells. The results suggest that chronic rigidification of RBCs plays a key role in the increased blood pressure and increased whole blood viscosity observed in OMA individuals and was independent of an acute response triggered by consumption of a high-fat meal.

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          ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01803633

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          Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

          The purpose of this research was to assess the association between the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and cardiovascular events and mortality by meta-analyses of longitudinal studies. Controversy exists regarding the cardiovascular risk associated with MetSyn. We searched electronic reference databases through March 2005, studies that referenced Reaven's seminal article, abstracts presented at meetings in 2003 to 2004, and queried experts. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility. Longitudinal studies reporting associations between MetSyn and cardiovascular events or mortality were eligible. Two reviewers independently used a standardized form to collect data from published reports. Authors were contacted. Study quality was assessed by the control of selection, detection, and attrition biases. We found 37 eligible studies that included 43 cohorts (inception 1971 to 1997) and 172,573 individuals. Random effects meta-analyses showed MetSyn had a relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular events and death of 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58 to 2.00). The association was stronger in women (RR 2.63 vs. 1.98, p = 0.09), in studies enrolling lower risk (<10%) individuals (RR 1.96 vs. 1.43, p = 0.04), and in studies using factor analysis or the World Health Organization definition (RR 2.68 and 2.06 vs. 1.67 for National Cholesterol Education Program definition and 1.35 for other definitions; p = 0.005). The association remained after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.79). The best available evidence suggests that people with MetSyn are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. These results can help clinicians counsel patients to consider lifestyle interventions, and should fuel research of other preventive interventions.
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            Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome.

            To estimate the prevalence of and the cardiovascular risk associated with the metabolic syndrome using the new definition proposed by the World Health Organization A total of 4,483 subjects aged 35-70 years participating in a large family study of type 2 diabetes in Finland and Sweden (the Botnia study) were included in the analysis of cardiovascular risk associated with the metabolic syndrome. In subjects who had type 2 diabetes (n = 1,697), impaired fasting glucose (IFG)/impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (n = 798) or insulin-resistance with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 1,988), the metabolic syndrome was defined as presence of at least two of the following risk factors: obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or microalbuminuria. Cardiovascular mortality was assessed in 3,606 subjects with a median follow-up of 6.9 years. In women and men, respectively, the metabolic syndrome was seen in 10 and 15% of subjects with NGT, 42 and 64% of those with IFG/IGT, and 78 and 84% of those with type 2 diabetes. The risk for coronary heart disease and stroke was increased threefold in subjects with the syndrome (P < 0.001). Cardiovascular mortality was markedly increased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome (12.0 vs. 2.2%, P < 0.001). Of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome, microalbuminuria conferred the strongest risk of cardiovascular death (RR 2.80; P = 0.002). The WHO definition of the metabolic syndrome identifies subjects with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and offers a tool for comparison of results from diferent studies.
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              Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                3 June 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 6
                : e0156070
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
                [3 ]Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
                A*STAR Bioinformatics Institute, SINGAPORE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: NFZ JTS WDR. Performed the experiments: NFZ. Analyzed the data: NFZ JEM JTS WDR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AMZ JTS. Wrote the paper: NFZ JEM AMZ JTS WDR.

                Article
                PONE-D-15-54419
                10.1371/journal.pone.0156070
                4892523
                27258098
                d3ae0177-70de-4fe5-a2db-a475cf34c4af
                © 2016 Zeng et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 15 December 2015
                : 8 May 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001, National Science Foundation;
                Award ID: 1201245
                Award Recipient :
                Funding provided by National Science Foundation Biomechanics and Mechanobiology grant # 1201245; National Institute of Health grant # T32-GM008799. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Engineering and Technology
                Fluidics
                Microfluidics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Blood
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Blood
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Blood
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Blood
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Hematology
                Blood
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Metabolic Disorders
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Properties
                Viscosity
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Physical Chemistry
                Chemical Properties
                Viscosity
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
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                Materials Physics
                Viscosity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Blood Cells
                Red Blood Cells
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                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Blood
                Blood Plasma
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Blood
                Blood Plasma
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Blood
                Blood Plasma
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Blood
                Blood Plasma
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Hematology
                Blood
                Blood Plasma
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Insulin Resistance
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Insulin Resistance
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Insulin Resistance
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