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      A novel Betacoronavirus characterised in collared peccaries from the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Brazil) killed by unknown disease

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          Abstract

          In an enclosure with nine collared peccaries ( Pecari tajacu) from the Rio de Janeiro city Zoo, Brazil, one specimen was found dead and two others developed prostration, apathy and dehydration, resulting on its death. Necropsy of two animals pointed to pulmonary and renal damage. Histological examination revealed vasculitis in spleen from both P. tajacu, suggesting a systemic viral infection. Lungs from one specimen showed fibrinoid vasculitis, alveolar damage with hyaline membrane, and interstitial lymphocytes infiltration. Virome analysis in anal wash samples from the latter two animals revealed a new type of Betacoronavirus, lineage A, provisionally named Ptajacu-CoV.

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          Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China

          Hua Su, Ming Ming Yang, Cheng Wan … (2020)
          Although the respiratory and immune systems are the major targets of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), acute kidney injury and proteinuria have also been observed. Currently, detailed pathologic examination of kidney damage in critically ill patients with COVID-19 has been lacking. To help define this we analyzed kidney abnormalities in 26 autopsies of patients with COVID-19 by light microscopy, ultrastructural observation and immunostaining. Patients were on average 69 years (19 male and 7 female) with respiratory failure associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome as the cause of death. Nine of the 26 showed clinical signs of kidney injury that included increased serum creatinine and/or new-onset proteinuria. By light microscopy, diffuse proximal tubule injury with the loss of brush border, non-isometric vacuolar degeneration, and even frank necrosis was observed. Occasional hemosiderin granules and pigmented casts were identified. There were prominent erythrocyte aggregates obstructing the lumen of capillaries without platelet or fibrinoid material. Evidence of vasculitis, interstitial inflammation or hemorrhage was absent. Electron microscopic examination showed clusters of coronavirus particles with distinctive spikes in the tubular epithelium and podocytes. Furthermore, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 was found to be upregulated in patients with COVID-19, and immunostaining with SARS-CoV nucleoprotein antibody was positive in tubules. In addition to the direct virulence of SARS-CoV-2, factors contributing to acute kidney injury included systemic hypoxia, abnormal coagulation, and possible drug or hyperventilation-relevant rhabdomyolysis. Thus, our studies provide direct evidence of the invasion of SARSCoV-2 into kidney tissue. These findings will greatly add to the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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            Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses

            Antonio Wong, Xin Li, Susanna Lau … (2019)
            Bats are a unique group of mammals of the order Chiroptera. They are highly diversified and are the group of mammals with the second largest number of species. Such highly diversified cell types and receptors facilitate them to be potential hosts of a large variety of viruses. Bats are the only group of mammals capable of sustained flight, which enables them to disseminate the viruses they harbor and enhance the chance of interspecies transmission. This article aims at reviewing the various aspects of the global epidemiology of bat coronaviruses (CoVs). Before the SARS epidemic, bats were not known to be hosts for CoVs. In the last 15 years, bats have been found to be hosts of >30 CoVs with complete genomes sequenced, and many more if those without genome sequences are included. Among the four CoV genera, only alphaCoVs and betaCoVs have been found in bats. As a whole, both alphaCoVs and betaCoVs have been detected from bats in Asia, Europe, Africa, North and South America and Australasia; but alphaCoVs seem to be more widespread than betaCoVs, and their detection rate is also higher. For betaCoVs, only those from subgenera Sarbecovirus, Merbecovirus, Nobecovirus and Hibecovirus have been detected in bats. Most notably, horseshoe bats are the reservoir of SARS-CoV, and several betaCoVs from subgenus Merbecovirus are closely related to MERS-CoV. In addition to the interactions among various bat species themselves, bat–animal and bat–human interactions, such as the presence of live bats in wildlife wet markets and restaurants in Southern China, are important for interspecies transmission of CoVs and may lead to devastating global outbreaks.
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              Novel Betacoronavirus in Dromedaries of the Middle East, 2013

              Patrick C.Y. Woo, Susanna K.P. Lau, Ulrich Wernery … (2014)
              In 2013, a novel betacoronavirus was identified in fecal samples from dromedaries in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Antibodies against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the virus, which we named dromedary camel coronavirus (DcCoV) UAE-HKU23, were detected in 52% of 59 dromedary serum samples tested. In an analysis of 3 complete DcCoV UAE-HKU23 genomes, we identified the virus as a betacoronavirus in lineage A1. The DcCoV UAE-HKU23 genome has G+C contents; a general preference for G/C in the third position of codons; a cleavage site for spike protein; and a membrane protein of similar length to that of other betacoronavirus A1 members, to which DcCoV UAE-HKU23 is phylogenetically closely related. Along with this coronavirus, viruses of at least 8 other families have been found to infect camels. Because camels have a close association with humans, continuous surveillance should be conducted to understand the potential for virus emergence in camels and for virus transmission to humans.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mioc
                Title: Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
                Publisher: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
                ISSN (Print): 0074-0276
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-8060
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 August 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 115
                Electronic Location Identifier: e200153
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
                [2 ]Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro S/A, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
                [3 ]Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
                [4 ]Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
                Author notes
                + Corresponding author: afsantos.ufrj@ 123456gmail.com

                MD - Designed and performed experiments, analysed data and co-wrote the paper; MCC - performed experiments and analysed data; FRM - performed bioinformatic analyses and co-wrote the paper; LTC, AMA, FT and CEV - provided sample collect from animals and acquisition of data; DGU - performed histopathology and co-wrote the paper; MAS - conception and design of project and provided financial grants to project; AFS - conception and design of project, provided financial grants to project, supervised the experiments and co-wrote the paper.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-1552
                Article
                Other ID: 00413
                DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200153
                PMC ID: 7416640
                PubMed ID: 32785421
                SO-VID: d32c9e9d-ef72-4875-88aa-41aba2fbb756
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                Date received : 04 April 2020
                Date accepted : 22 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, References: 12
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                Keywords: virome,pecari tajacu,betacoronavirus,zoonoses,one health
                Data availability:
                Keywords: virome, pecari tajacu, betacoronavirus, zoonoses, one health

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