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      The impact of politics on fiscal behavior: the case of Brazil

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          Abstract

          This paper examines the proposition that a government which faces an election or depends on general popular support to govern effectively will find it difficult to resist increasing expenditures or to raise taxes. The resulting fiscal deficits are then either financed by the central bank, which produces inflation, or by domestic and/or foreign borrowing, increasing the government's foreign or domestic debt. After a brief historical survey of Brazil, a method is use to test the validity of this hypothesis in a more formal way.

          Translated abstract

          Este artigo examina a proposição de que um governo que está enfrentando uma eleição ou que depende de um apoio popular para governar terá dificuldade de resistir ao aumento de gastos ou de aumentar os impostos. Os conseqüentes déficits fiscais podem ser financiados pelo Banco Central, o que resulta em inflação, ou pelos empréstimos domésticos e/ou estrangeiros, aumentando a dívida doméstica ou estrangeira. Depois de um curto resumo histórico da experiência brasileira, um método quantitativo está sendo utilizado para testar a validade desta hipótese de uma maneira mais formal.

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          Most cited references22

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          The Deadlock of Democracy in Brazil

          Barry Ames (2001)
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            Florescimento e frutificação de café arábica nas diferentes regiões (cafeeiras) do Brasil

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              Heparanase isoform expression and extracellular matrix remodeling in intervertebral disc degenerative disease

              OBJECTIVE: To determine the molecules involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and to identify and quantify heparanase isoforms present in herniated and degenerative discs. INTRODUCTION: Heparanase is an endo-beta-glucuronidase that specifically acts upon the heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans. However, heparanase expression in degenerative intervertebral discs has not yet been evaluated. Notably, previous studies demonstrated a correlation between changes in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan pattern and the degenerative process associated with intervertebral discs. METHODS: Twenty-nine samples of intervertebral degenerative discs, 23 samples of herniated discs and 12 samples of non-degenerative discs were analyzed. The expression of both heparanase isoforms (heparanase-1 and heparanase-2) was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: Heparanase-1 and heparanase-2 expression levels were significantly higher in the herniated and degenerative discs in comparison to the control tissues, suggesting a possible role of these proteins in the intervertebral degenerative process. CONCLUSION: The overexpression of heparanase isoforms in the degenerative intervertebral discs and the herniated discs suggests a potential role of both proteins in the mediation of inflammatory processes and in extracellular matrix remodeling. The heparanase-2 isoform may be involved in normal metabolic processes, as evidenced by its higher expression in the control intervertebral discs relative to the expression of heparanase-1.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ecoa
                Economia Aplicada
                Econ. Apl.
                Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil )
                1413-8050
                1980-5330
                March 2006
                : 10
                : 1
                : 25-40
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversity of Illinois orgdiv1Department of Economics USA wbaer@ 123456uiuc.edu
                [02] orgnameUniversity of New Mexico
                Article
                S1413-80502006000100002 S1413-8050(06)01000102
                10.1590/S1413-80502006000100002
                d177c5c0-678c-4edf-af2c-f43f19d07379

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : July 2005
                : June 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Papers

                política,déficit fiscal,robust regression,debt,dívida,regressão robusta,fiscal deficits,inflation,politics,inflação

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