Size-dependent scattering efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cell

The ruthenium complexes [Ru(dcbpyH(2))(2)(Cl)(2)] (1), [Ru(dcbpyH(2))(2)(NCS)(2)] (2), (Bu(4)N)(4)[Ru(dcbpy)(2)(NCS)(2)] (3), and (Bu(4)N)(2)[Ru(dcbpyH)(2)(NCS)(2)] (4) were synthesized and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis absorption, and emission, IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. The absorption and emission maxima of these complexes red shifted with decreasing pH, and showed pH-dependent excited-state lifetimes. The ground-state pK(a) values were determined by spectrophotometeric methods, and the dissociation of protons was found to occur in two steps (pK(a) = 3 and 1.5). The Ru(II)/(III) couple in the complex (Bu(4)N)(4)[Ru(dcbpy)(2)(NCS)(2)] is shifted ca. 290 mV negatively with regard to that of the complex [Ru(dcbpyH(2))(2)(NCS)(2)] due to the replacement of H(+) by tetrabutylammonium cation. The negative shift for the dcbpy-based reduction potential is even larger, i.e., about 600 mV compared to that of the complex [Ru(dcbpyH(2))(2)(NCS)(2)]. The effect of deprotonation on the performance of these complexes as photosensitizers for nanocrystalline titania was investigated.