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      A System for Household Enumeration and Re-identification in Densely Populated Slums to Facilitate Community Research, Education, and Advocacy

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          Abstract

          Background

          We devised and implemented an innovative Location-Based Household Coding System (LBHCS) appropriate to a densely populated informal settlement in Mumbai, India.

          Methods and Findings

          LBHCS codes were designed to double as unique household identifiers and as walking directions; when an entire community is enumerated, LBHCS codes can be used to identify the number of households located per road (or lane) segment. LBHCS was used in community-wide biometric, mental health, diarrheal disease, and water poverty studies. It also facilitated targeted health interventions by a research team of youth from Mumbai, including intensive door-to-door education of residents, targeted follow-up meetings, and a full census. In addition, LBHCS permitted rapid and low-cost preparation of GIS mapping of all households in the slum, and spatial summation and spatial analysis of survey data.

          Conclusion

          LBHCS was an effective, easy-to-use, affordable approach to household enumeration and re-identification in a densely populated informal settlement where alternative satellite imagery and GPS technologies could not be used.

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          Water supply, sanitation and diarrhoeal disease in Nicaragua: results from a case-control study.

          A case-control study of risk factors for child diarrhoeal disease was undertaken in a rural area of Nicaragua. Some 1229 children under the age of five were matched with an equal number of children of the same age presenting with other illnesses unrelated to water and sanitation. The main types of water supply were sampled at monthly intervals and tested for the presence of faecal coliforms in order to characterize their microbiological quality. In spite of marked differences in water quality between the different types of water supply, no relationship was found with diarrhoea morbidity. In contrast, there was a statistically significant association between water availability and diarrhoea morbidity. Children from homes with water supplies over 500 meters from the house had incidence rates of diarrhoea 34% higher than those of children from houses with their own water supply. Owning a latrine was not found to be significantly related to diarrhoea morbidity. A mother's level of schooling was inversely correlated with the frequency of diarrhoea in her children. A significant association was also found between the number of children under the age of five living in the house and the incidence of diarrhoea. These effects remained significant after controlling for confounding variables by conditional logistic regression.
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            Author and article information

            Contributors
            Role: Editor
            Journal
            PLoS One
            PLoS ONE
            plos
            plosone
            PLoS ONE
            Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
            1932-6203
            2014
            10 April 2014
            : 9
            : 4
            : e93925
            Affiliations
            [1 ]Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
            [2 ]Partners for Urban Knowledge, Action, and Research, Mumbai, India
            [3 ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
            [4 ]Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
            Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, United States of America
            Author notes

            Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

            Conceived and designed the experiments: SS TS KS DRT. Wrote the paper: DRT RS. Conducted research, education, and advocacy using LBHCS: APD DEB RS SS TS KS DRT.

            Article
            PONE-D-13-52831
            10.1371/journal.pone.0093925
            3983094
            24722369
            cea79e0b-0852-4382-b992-59902c5a82dc
            Copyright @ 2014

            This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

            History
            : 21 December 2013
            : 11 March 2014
            Page count
            Pages: 9
            Funding
            This project was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. RS’s contribution was funded by the Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars and Fellows Program at Vanderbilt University (R24 TW007988) and more recently by a Harvard University T32 Post-Doctoral Fellowship (NIAID AI 007433). Financial support was also provided by The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University. No funding bodies had any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
            Categories
            Research Article
            Biology and Life Sciences
            Paleontology
            Paleogeography
            Settlement Patterns
            Computer and Information Sciences
            Geoinformatics
            Geographic Information Systems
            Remote Sensing Imagery
            Spatial Analysis
            Earth Sciences
            Geography
            Human Geography
            Social Geography
            Cartography
            Medicine and Health Sciences
            Epidemiology
            Spatial Epidemiology
            Health Care
            Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
            Public and Occupational Health
            Global Health
            Research and Analysis Methods
            Research Design
            Survey Research
            Survey Methods

            Uncategorized
            Uncategorized

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