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      Zoosporogênese in vitro entre isolados do oomiceto Pythium insidiosum Translated title: In vitro zoosporogenesis among oomycetes Pythium insidiosum isolates

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          Abstract

          Pythium insidiosum é um oomiceto aquático, responsável pela etiologia da pitiose, uma enfermidade crônica, observada freqüentemente em eqüinos. A produção de zoósporos móveis por este microrganismo se constitui no fator determinante da ocorrência da enfermidade. Este estudo avaliou a zoosporogênese e quantificou a produção de zoósporos de 32 amostras de Pythium insidiosum isoladas de eqüinos naturalmente infectados. Pythium insidiosum foi cultivado em meio Corn Meal Agar acrescido de fragmentos de grama, durante 5 dias, a 37°C. Posteriormente, os fragmentos de grama parasitados foram incubados em Meio de Indução a 37°C, por 24 horas. Observou-se que 16 amostras (50%) produziram 20.000 zoósporos mL-1, 12 isolados (37,5%) produziram acima de 20.000 zoósporos mL-1, enquanto quatro amostras (12,5%) produziram menos de 20.000 zoósporos mL-1. O período de maior produção de zoósporos foi entre 6 e 8 horas de incubação. O protocolo utilizado na indução da zoosporogênese mostrou-se eficiente e representa uma importante ferramenta, tanto para a identificação do Pythium insidiosum, como para a obtenção de zoósporos em quantidades suficientes para a inoculação em animais experimentais e aplicação no desenvolvimento de testes de suscetibilidade.

          Translated abstract

          Pythium insidiosum is an aquatic oomycete and the etiology of a chronic disease called pythiosis, commonly found in the skin of horses. The production of mobile zoospores by this microorganism is the determinant factor of this disease. This study evaluated the zoosporogenesis and quantification of zoospores in 32 samples of Pythium insidiosum isolated from horses with pythiosis. The assay used culture of the Pythium insidiosum in Corn Meal Agar plus grass blades for 5 days at 37°C. The grass blades were incubated in Induction Medium at 37°C for 24 hours. The findings showed 16 samples (50%) yielded 20,000 zoospores mL-1, 12 (37.5%) samples yielded over 20,000 zoospores mL-1 and 4 samples (12.5%) yielded less than 20,000 zoospores mL-1. The zoospores production was higher between 6 and 8 hours of incubation. The protocol used in the zoosporogenesis induction was efficient and represents an important tool for Pythium insidiosum identification and the attainment of zoospores in adequate amounts for inoculation in experimental animals and application in the development of susceptibility tests.

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          Most cited references31

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          Clinical and epidemiological analyses of human pythiosis in Thailand.

          Pythiosis is an emerging and life-threatening infectious disease in humans and animals that is caused by the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum. Human pythiosis is found mostly in Thailand, although disease in animals has been increasingly reported worldwide. Clinical information on human pythiosis is limited, and health care professionals are unfamiliar with the disease, leading to underdiagnosis, delayed treatment, and poor prognosis. To retrospectively study the clinical and epidemiological features of human pythiosis, we analyzed clinical data from patients with pythiosis diagnosed during the period of January 1985 through June 2003 at 9 tertiary care hospitals throughout Thailand. A total of 102 cases of human pythiosis were documented nationwide. A substantial proportion (40%) of cases occurred in the last 4 years of the 18-year study interval. Clinical presentations fell into 4 groups: cutaneous/subcutaneous cases (5% of cases), vascular cases (59%), ocular cases (33%), and disseminated cases (3%). Almost all patients with cutaneous/subcutaneous, vascular, and disseminated pythiosis (85%) had underlying thalassemia-hemoglobinopathy syndrome. Most ocular cases (84%) were associated with no underlying disease. A majority of the patients were male (71%), were aged 20-60 years (86%), and reported an agricultural occupation (75%). Regarding treatment outcomes, all patients with disseminated infection died; 78% of patients with vascular disease required limb amputation, and 40% of these patients died; and 79% of patients with ocular pythiosis required enucleation/evisceration. Here, we report, to our knowledge, the largest case study of human pythiosis. The disease has high rates of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are urgently needed to improve clinical outcomes. Because P. insidiosum is distributed worldwide and can infect healthy individuals, an awareness of human pythiosis should be promoted in Thailand and in other countries.
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            Pythium insidiosum sp. nov., the etiologic agent of pythiosis.

            Pythium insidiosum sp. nov., the etiologic agent of pythiosis, a cosmopolitan disease of horses, cattle, and dogs, is described and illustrated.
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              Life cycle of the human and animal oomycete pathogen Pythium insidiosum.

              Pythium insidiosum, the etiologic agent of pythiosis insidiosii, causes life-threatening infections in humans and animals. Previous studies of the epidemiology of this disease hypothesized about the possible life cycle of this oomycete. Details, however, were not provided on the steps required to cause infection. We investigated the life cycle of P. insidiosum by inoculating pieces of equine skin and plant leaves and then studying the ensuing events with a scanning electron microscope. Our observations revealed that zoospores had a strong tropism for skin tissue, horse and human hair, and water lily and grass leaves and a weak attraction to a variety of other leaves. Encysted zoospores were observed on the favored leaves and skin. There they produced germ tubes and later abundant hyphal filaments that penetrated leaf tissues. Young sporangia had compact, thick walls. The sporangial wall was reduced to a fragile membrane when the sporangia had produced well-differentiated biflagellate zoospores. The encysted zoospores secreted an amorphous material that permitted the zoospores to adhere to skin and plant tissues. On the basis of these findings, a model to explain the life cycle of P. insidiosum is proposed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                February 2008
                : 38
                : 1
                : 143-147
                Affiliations
                [01] Porto Alegre RS orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
                [02] Santa Maria RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia Brasil
                [03] Porto Alegre RS orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
                Article
                S0103-84782008000100023 S0103-8478(08)03800123
                cb886bc2-6651-46f4-a56c-b58545d489a8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 November 2006
                : 18 April 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Microbiologia

                Pythium insidiosum,pythiosis,oomycete,zoospores,zoosporogenesis,pitiose,oomiceto,zoósporos,zoosporogênese

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