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      A new variation of modern prejudice: young Korean men's anti-feminism and male-victim ideology

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          Abstract

          In South Korea, anti-feminism is now rapidly spreading online among young men, who have started to identify themselves as a social minority or “victims” of female power. Despite its ramifications, theoretically, anti-feminism is indistinct from the racism and sexism of White men that emerged more than half a century ago. In view of this, it shares the same root as typical modern racism or sexism, although it appears to be a novel phenomenon. Such a hypothesis was buttressed by quantifying the attitudes of anti-feminists toward various outgroups based on the transference of prejudice theory. Moreover, the subtle sexist undertones hidden in their arguments have been discussed using various psychological theories and empirical data/statistics. Additionally, various potential factors that may shape or accelerate their attitudes or behaviors have been discussed on the basis of the threat-defense theory. Through comprehensive literature review based on this theory, this study proposes the features related to Korean anti-feminism, encompassing behavioral/situational (overindulging violent or degrading Internet contents, verbal aggression), relational/epistemic (ostracism, attachment insecurity, pseudo-rationalism), and group-level (provocative interactions, polarization) attributes, some of which may also influence groups other than young men and ingrain or exacerbate the extreme ideologies of other groups, including young women. Scrutinizing Korean online anti-feminism and male-victim ideology may improve our understanding of the psychological origins of various social extremities or radical ideologies beyond cultural barriers.

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          Most cited references207

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          The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.

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            Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises.

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              Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: an integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.

              A central theme in recent research on attitudes is the distinction between deliberate, "explicit" attitudes and automatic, "implicit" attitudes. The present article provides an integrative review of the available evidence on implicit and explicit attitude change that is guided by a distinction between associative and propositional processes. Whereas associative processes are characterized by mere activation independent of subjective truth or falsity, propositional reasoning is concerned with the validation of evaluations and beliefs. The proposed associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model makes specific assumptions about the mutual interplay of the 2 processes, implying several mechanisms that lead to symmetric or asymmetric changes in implicit and explicit attitudes. The model integrates a broad range of empirical evidence and implies several new predictions for implicit and explicit attitude change.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                20 October 2023
                2023
                : 14
                : 1230577
                Affiliations
                Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Medical Center , Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
                Author notes

                Edited by: Abida Sharif, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Pakistan

                Reviewed by: Eni Maryani, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia; Farrah Ahmed, Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan

                *Correspondence: Han Wool Jung jhw2@ 123456naver.com
                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1230577
                10624222
                c99d17a5-97fe-4243-b8a9-f61e961f148f
                Copyright © 2023 Jung.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 May 2023
                : 18 September 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 214, Pages: 18, Words: 17260
                Funding
                The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
                Categories
                Psychology
                Review
                Custom metadata
                Gender, Sex and Sexualities

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                motivated social cognition,online group polarization,symbolic racism,insecure attachment,violent video games,pornography

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