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      Multi-locus phylogeny unmasks hidden species within the specialised spider-parasitic fungus, Gibellula ( Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) in Thailand

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          Abstract

          Over 80 species of hypocrealean fungi are reported as pathogens of spiders and harvestmen. Among these fungi, the genus Gibellula is highly regarded as a specialised spider-killer that has never been reported to infect other arthropods. While more than 20 species of Gibellula are known, few attempts to identify the infected spiders have been made despite the fact that the host specificity can help identify the fungal species. Here, we morphologically describe and illustrate eight new species of Gibellula and three new records from Thailand of known species along with the multi-gene phylogeny that clearly showed the segregation among the proposed species. Examination of the Gibellula-infected spider hosts identified Oxyopidae, Uloboridae and, for the first time, the ant-mimicking genus Myrmarachne.

          Taxonomic novelties: New species: Gibellula brevistipitata Kuephadungphan, Tasanathai & Luangsa-ard, G. longicaudata Tasanathai, Kuephadungphan & Luangsa-ard, G. longispora Kuephadungphan & Luangsa-ard, G. nigelii Kuephadungphan, Tasanathai & Luangsa-ard, G. parvula Kuephadungphan, Tasanathai & Luangsa-ard, G. pilosa Kuephadungphan, Tasanathai & Luangsa-ard , G. solita Kuephadungphan, Tasanathai & Luangsa-ard, G. trimorpha Tasanathai, Khonsanit, Kuephadungphan & Luangsa-ard.

          Citation: Kuephadungphan W, Petcharad B, Tasanathai K, Thanakitpipattana D, Kobmoo N, Khonsanit A, Samson RA, Luangsa-ard JJ (2022). Multi-locus phylogeny unmasks hidden species within the specialised spider-parasitic fungus, Gibellula ( Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) in Thailand. Studies in Mycology 101: 245–286. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.04.

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          Sudhir Kumar, Glen Stecher, Michael KaWah Li … (2018)
          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies

            Alexandros Stamatakis (2014)
            Motivation: Phylogenies are increasingly used in all fields of medical and biological research. Moreover, because of the next-generation sequencing revolution, datasets used for conducting phylogenetic analyses grow at an unprecedented pace. RAxML (Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood) is a popular program for phylogenetic analyses of large datasets under maximum likelihood. Since the last RAxML paper in 2006, it has been continuously maintained and extended to accommodate the increasingly growing input datasets and to serve the needs of the user community. Results: I present some of the most notable new features and extensions of RAxML, such as a substantial extension of substitution models and supported data types, the introduction of SSE3, AVX and AVX2 vector intrinsics, techniques for reducing the memory requirements of the code and a plethora of operations for conducting post-analyses on sets of trees. In addition, an up-to-date 50-page user manual covering all new RAxML options is available. Availability and implementation: The code is available under GNU GPL at https://github.com/stamatak/standard-RAxML. Contact: alexandros.stamatakis@h-its.org Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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              MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput.

              R. C. Edgar (2004)
              We describe MUSCLE, a new computer program for creating multiple alignments of protein sequences. Elements of the algorithm include fast distance estimation using kmer counting, progressive alignment using a new profile function we call the log-expectation score, and refinement using tree-dependent restricted partitioning. The speed and accuracy of MUSCLE are compared with T-Coffee, MAFFT and CLUSTALW on four test sets of reference alignments: BAliBASE, SABmark, SMART and a new benchmark, PREFAB. MUSCLE achieves the highest, or joint highest, rank in accuracy on each of these sets. Without refinement, MUSCLE achieves average accuracy statistically indistinguishable from T-Coffee and MAFFT, and is the fastest of the tested methods for large numbers of sequences, aligning 5000 sequences of average length 350 in 7 min on a current desktop computer. The MUSCLE program, source code and PREFAB test data are freely available at http://www.drive5. com/muscle.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Stud Mycol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Stud Mycol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Studies in Mycology
                Title: Studies in Mycology
                Publisher: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
                ISSN (Print): 0166-0616
                ISSN (Electronic): 1872-9797
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 April 2022
                Publication date (Print): July 2022
                Volume: 101
                Pages: 245-286
                Affiliations
                [1 ] National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
                [2 ] Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
                [3 ] Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, NL-3584 CT, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                * Corresponding author: J.J. Luangsa-ard, jajen@ 123456biotec.or.th

                Corresponding editor: Pedro W. Crous

                Article
                DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.04
                PMC ID: 9365043
                PubMed ID: 36059899
                SO-VID: c773a1b7-b155-428c-bee9-1f8942be1945
                Copyright © © 2022 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 4 January 2022
                Date accepted : 5 April 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: araneogenous fungus,gibellula,new taxa,spider predator
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: araneogenous fungus, gibellula, new taxa, spider predator

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