Total saponins of panaxnotoginseng promotes lymphangiogenesis by activation VEGF-C expression of lymphatic endothelial cells

Abstract

<div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S1"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d1761777e204">Ethnopharmacological relevance</h5> <p id="P2">Lymphatic system plays an important role in maintaining the fluid homeostasis and normal immune responses, anatomic or functional obstruction of which leads to lymphedema, and treatments for therapeutic lymphangiogenesis are efficiency for secondary lymphedema. Total saponins of panaxnotoginseng (PNS) are a mixture isolated from Panaxnotoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen, which has been used as traditional Chinese medicine in China for treatment of cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effect and mechanism of PNS on lymphangiogenesis. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S2"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d1761777e209">Methods</h5> <p id="P3">The Tg (fli1:egfp; gata1:dsred) transgenic zebrafish embryos were treated with different concentrations of PNS (10, 50, 100μM) for 48 hours with or without the 6 hours pretreatment of the 30μM Vascular endothelial growth factors receptor (VEGFR)-3 kinase inhibitor, followed with morphological observation and lympangiogenesis of thoracic duct assessment. The effect of PNS on cell viability, migration, tube formation and Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)-C mRNA and protein expression of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were determined. The role of phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3)-kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathways, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and P38 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling in PNS-induced VEGF-C expression of LECs by using pharmacological agents to block each signal. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S3"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d1761777e214">Results</h5> <p id="P4">PNS promotes lymphangiogenesis of thoracic duct in zebrafish with or without VEGFR3 Kinase inhibitor pre-impairment. PNS promotes proliferation, migration and tube formation of LECs. The tube formation induced by PNS could be blocked by VEGFR3 Kinase inhibitor. PNS induce VEGF-C expression of LEC, which could be blocked by ERK1/2, PI3K and P38MAPK signaling inhibitors. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S4"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d1761777e219">Conclusion</h5> <p id="P5">PNS activates lymphangiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro by up-regulating VEGF-C expression and activation of ERK1/2, PI3K and P38MAPK signaling. These findings provide a novel insight into the role of PNS in lymphangiogenesis and suggest that it might be an attractive and suitable therapeutic agent for treating secondary lymphedema or other lymphatic system impairment related disease. </p> </div><p id="P6"> <div class="figure-container so-text-align-c"> <img alt="" class="figure" src="/document_file/dbca36ca-43fa-4e26-ad5f-7c1e05ebed5e/PubMedCentral/image/nihms813881u1.jpg"/> </div> </p>