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      Mistrust in biomedical research and vaccine hesitancy: the forefront challenge in the battle against COVID-19 in Italy

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          Abstract

          Researchers have been working quickly and collaboratively for the development of vaccines against the COVID-19 virus. The effort of the scientific community in searching a vaccine for COVID-19 may be hampered by a diffused vaccine hesitancy. Two waves of data collection on representative samples of the Italian population (during the “first” and “second” phase of the Italian Covid-19 mitigation strategy) were conducted to understand citizens’ perceptions and behaviors about preventive behaviors willingness to vaccine for COVID-19. Our study shows that willingness to COVID-19 vaccine is correlated to trust in research and in vaccines, which decreased between phase 1 and phase 2 of the Italian pandemic. According to the results of our study, the proportion of citizens that seem to be intentioned to get the Covid-19 vaccine is probably too small to effectively stop the spreading of the disease. This requires to foster a climate of respectful mutual trust between science and society, where scientific knowledge is not only preached but also cultivated and sustained thanks to the emphatic understanding of citizens worries, needs of reassurance and health expectations.

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          High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

          Steven Sanche, Yen Lin, Chonggang Xu … (2020)
          Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease pandemic. Initial estimates of the early dynamics of the outbreak in Wuhan, China, suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 6–7 days and a basic reproductive number (R0) of 2.2–2.7. We collected extensive individual case reports across China and estimated key epidemiologic parameters, including the incubation period (4.2 days). We then designed 2 mathematical modeling approaches to infer the outbreak dynamics in Wuhan by using high-resolution domestic travel and infection data. Results show that the doubling time early in the epidemic in Wuhan was 2.3–3.3 days. Assuming a serial interval of 6–9 days, we calculated a median R0 value of 5.7 (95% CI 3.8–8.9). We further show that active surveillance, contact tracing, quarantine, and early strong social distancing efforts are needed to stop transmission of the virus.
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            Psychosocial impact of COVID-19

            Souvik Dubey, Payel Biswas, Ritwik Ghosh … (2020)
            Background Along with its high infectivity and fatality rates, the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses. Mass fear of COVID-19, termed as “coronaphobia”, has generated a plethora of psychiatric manifestations across the different strata of the society. So, this review has been undertaken to define psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Methods Pubmed and GoogleScholar are searched with the following key terms- “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV2”, “Pandemic”, “Psychology”, “Psychosocial”, “Psychitry”, “marginalized”, “telemedicine”, “mental health”, “quarantine”, “infodemic”, “social media” and” “internet”. Few news paper reports related to COVID-19 and psychosocial impacts have also been added as per context. Results Disease itself multitude by forced quarantine to combat COVID-19 applied by nationwide lockdowns can produce acute panic, anxiety, obsessive behaviors, hoarding, paranoia, and depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the long run. These have been fueled by an “infodemic” spread via different platforms social media. Outbursts of racism, stigmatization, and xenophobia against particular communities are also being widely reported. Nevertheless, frontline healthcare workers are at higher-risk of contracting the disease as well as experiencing adverse psychological outcomes in form of burnout, anxiety, fear of transmitting infection, feeling of incompatibility, depression, increased substance-dependence, and PTSD. Community-based mitigation programs to combat COVID-19 will disrupt children's usual lifestyle and may cause florid mental distress. The psychosocial aspects of older people, their caregivers, psychiatric patients and marginalized communities are affected by this pandemic in different ways and need special attention. Conclusion For better dealing with these psychosocial issues of different strata of the society, psychosocial crisis prevention and intervention models should be urgently developed by the government, health care personnel and other stakeholders. Apt application of internet services, technology and social media to curb both pandemic and infodemic needs to be instigated. Psychosocial preparedness by setting up mental organizations specific for future pandemics is certainly necessary.
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              COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention

              Indranil Chakraborty, Prasenjit Maity (2020)
              The COVID-19 pandemic is considered as the most crucial global health calamity of the century and the greatest challenge that the humankind faced since the 2nd World War. In December 2019, a new infectious respiratory disease emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China and was named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). A new class of corona virus, known as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has been found to be responsible for occurrence of this disease. As far as the history of human civilization is concerned there are instances of severe outbreaks of diseases caused by a number of viruses. According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO as of April 18 2020), the current outbreak of COVID-19, has affected over 2164111 people and killed more than 146,198 people in more than 200 countries throughout the world. Till now there is no report of any clinically approved antiviral drugs or vaccines that are effective against COVID-19. It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the entire human population. The coronavirus outbreak is severely disrupting the global economy. Almost all the nations are struggling to slow down the transmission of the disease by testing & treating patients, quarantining suspected persons through contact tracing, restricting large gatherings, maintaining complete or partial lock down etc. This paper describes the impact of COVID-19 on society and global environment, and the possible ways in which the disease can be controlled has also been discussed therein.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Guendalina Graffigna: guendalina.graffigna@unicatt.it
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Epidemiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur. J. Epidemiol
                Title: European Journal of Epidemiology
                Publisher: Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                ISSN (Print): 0393-2990
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-7284
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 August 2020
                Pages: 1-4
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.8142.f, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 3192, Department of Psychology, EngageMinds HUB – Consumer, Food and Health Engagement Research Center, , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, ; Milan, Italy
                [2 ]GRID grid.8142.f, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 3192, Section of Hygiene, University Department of Health Sciences and Public Health, , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, ; Rome, Italy
                [3 ]GRID grid.414603.4, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Public Health Area, , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, ; Rome, Italy
                Article
                Publisher ID: 675
                DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00675-8
                PMC ID: 7431109
                PubMed ID: 32808095
                SO-VID: bed94989-f09e-4af3-982e-cdd481435c48
                Copyright © © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 22 June 2020
                Date accepted : 5 August 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002803, Fondazione Cariplo;
                Categories
                Subject: Vaccine Hesitancy

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: covid-19,vaccine hesitancy,trust in science,vaccine effectiveness,trust in vaccine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: covid-19, vaccine hesitancy, trust in science, vaccine effectiveness, trust in vaccine

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